Goodreads is a website that allows book lovers to track reading history, review books, and share recommendations with others. After you sign up, you'll be able to make custom shelves for your books for easy sorting, join groups to discuss books with others, and lots more. You can use the website on your Windows or Mac computer, or the Goodreads app on your iPhone, iPad, or Android device. This wikiHow will show you how to get started on Goodreads using your computer or mobile device.

[Edit]Things You Should Know

• The Goodreads mobile app has limitations; use the desktop version for more options.
• Keep track of books by going into "My Books" and clicking "Add shelf" to create a custom shelf.
• Goodreads is not an eBook. While some books may have a green "Read Book" option, you'll need to read primarily on another platform.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Organizing Your Books

1. Create Bookshelves. Goodreads provides three exclusive shelves: Read, Currently Reading, and To Read. Keep your current and future books organized by adding them to the pre-labeled bookshelves, or you can create your own custom shelf. You can easily access these shelves in your My Books tab.
   
   • There are Exclusive and Regular shelves. Exclusive makes your shelf mutually exclusive, meaning added books will only appear in this shelf. Regular shelves will show added books regardless of its addition to other shelves.
   • Once added, you can change the edition of books in your shelf, or you can easily remove a book from your shelf.
2. Find recommendations. Goodreads has a Recommendations page that generates suggestions using an algorithm based on your bookshelves and favorite genres. You can also check for recommendations by going to the page of your favorite book and checking the Readers Also Enjoyed section.
   
   • You can also navigate to a member's profile and click Compare books to see how similar your reading tastes are. You could try some books they've enjoyed.
3. Rate and review books. A large part of Goodreads is getting to review books you've read and seeing reviews from other users. You can rate book based on a 5-star scale and express your honest opinion in text.
   
   • Goodreads' review philosophy is forgiving in terms of creativity and critical statements. Honest opinions about books are encouraged as long as it is not against Goodreads guidelines.

[Edit]Connecting with Other Users

1. Join a book club or group. When looking for groups, it's best to join an active group to find and connect with other readers who share similar interests.
   
   • You can search for groups by topic or title or use Goodreads' suggestions with Featured groups and Popular groups.
   • A group has plenty of discussion boards about a variety of tropics. Reply and add to the conversation after joining the group. You'll be able to subscribe to conversations to avoid missing anything important.
2. Browse user-created lists in Listopia. You can search through a variety of categories, such as: featured lists, lists with recent activity, popular lists, and more. This is a great way for members to create content around books and share their favorite books with others. ^[1]
   
   • Lists are ordered by members' votes. You can contribute to the master list by submitting your own votes.
   • You can also search for a specific book and find Lists With This Book to find other books you may like.
3. Follow Authors. Most authors have an author page that you can follow to stay updated on their work, see their book reviews, or discover more about them.
   
   • Use a direct link or use the search bar at the top of the website to find an author.
   • Click Follow Author on their page to stay updated on their activity.

[Edit]Participating in Events

1. Enter Giveaways. Giveaways are free to enter. You'll be able to win books sponsored by a variety of authors and publishers at no cost. Goodreads offers Kindle Giveaways for eBooks and Print Giveaways for physical books. You'll just need to supply a shipping address for a chance to win.
   
   • Kindle Giveaways are open to U.S residents, while Print Giveaways are open to U.S. and Canadian residents.
2. Take the Goodreads Reading Challenge. Every year, Goodreads challenges you to read a number of books within the year. You'll be able to edit the number of books as your goal for the year. Goodreads will keep track of your progress.
   
   • This can help motivate yourself to read more books. You can also see the progress of other users you're linked to.
3. Cast your votes for the Choice Awards. Goodreads hosts a yearly Choice Awards. This is a major book award decided by readers alone. You'll be able to vote on best books of the year by genre. Once the votes have been tallied, Goodreads will compile the winners of the Choice Awards in an extensive results page.
   

[Edit]Creating an Account

1. Navigate to the Goodreads sign-up page on your desktop browser. You can use Safari, Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox, or another browser.
   
   • For mobile users, you'll need to download the Goodreads app. Goodreads is available for iOS in the App Store and for Android in the Google Play Store.
2. Click . You can also choose Continue with Facebook, Continue with Amazon, or Continue with Apple.
   
   • If you continue with Facebook, Amazon, or Apple, you'll need to login with the respective account.
   • If you continue with Amazon, you'll be able to link your Kindle device.
     • After putting books on your Kindle, you'll be able to seamlessly review them with your connected Goodreads account.
3. Enter your details. You'll need to input your First and last name, Your email address, and Create a password.
   
   • Passwords must be at least 6 characters.
   • Check or uncheck the box to toggle password visibility.
   • You'll need to re-enter your password to ensure it matches.
4. Tap .
   
5. Enter One Time Password (OTP). You'll be sent an OTP to the email used to register.
   
   • If you haven't received the OTP, tap Resend OTP at the bottom of the page.
6. Tap .
   
7. Answer new user prompts. Goodreads will have a few Getting Started prompts.
   
   • Find Friends by connecting your address book on Gmail or Facebook. You can also send your own invitation.
     • Click Skip this step to do this later.
   • Set a Goal by entering a number in the text field for I want to read (number) books in (year), then click Take the Challenge.
   • Click Skip this step to enter the Goodreads Reading Challenge later.
8. Select your favorite genres. You'll see a list of Popular genres and More genres.
   
   • Check the box for all the genres you enjoy as this will help Goodreads generate recommendations that fit your tastes.
   • If you don't see a genre, click Don't see your favorite genres here? at the bottom. Enter other favorite genres, separated by commas.
9. Click .
   
10. Rate 20 books. Goodreads will generation a Recommendations list based on your ratings.
    
    • Navigate by clicking genres on the left panel or click the side arrows to sort through books.
    • Rate books out of 5 stars.
11. Click . Your Goodreads account is now active.
    

[Edit]Managing Bookshelves

1. Open the Goodreads website on your web browser. If you aren't already logged in, do so now.
   
2. Click in the top menu. This will be next to Home and Browse.
   
   • On mobile, this will be located in the bottom menu.
3. In the left panel, click . This will be in parentheses next to Bookshelves.
   
   • You'll be taken to a new page with all your current shelves.
   • Goodreads automatically adds Read, Currently Reading, and To Read shelves to your account. You cannot remove these shelves.
4. Manage your shelves. You can toggle Feature, Sortable, Sticky, Exclusive, and Recs.
   
   • Only one shelf can be marked as Feature. This will replace your favorites shelf at the top of your profile for quick access.
   • Sortable allows you to sort the books within the shelf in a certain order.
   • Sticky will display selected shelves first in your lists.
   • Exclusive makes your shelf mutually exclusive, meaning added books will only appear in this shelf.
   • To add a new shelf, input the name in the text field above shelf and click Add.
5. Click when finished.
   

[Edit]Joining a Group

1. Open the Goodreads website. This can only be done on desktop.
   
2. Click . This will open a drop-down menu.
   
3. Click . Goodreads will show you Featured groups and Popular groups. You can select from these categories or input your own search.
   
   • To search groups, input a group name or description in the search bar, then click Search groups.
4. Click the group you want to join. This will open the main page for the group. You'll be able to see a biography, group type, rules, and more information.
   
5. Click . This will be located underneath the group's profile picture.
   
6. Select your email settings. Before joining the group, you'll be asked to set your group discussion email settings.^[2]
   
   • Digest will send all comments on group discussions bundled in a weekly or daily email.
   • Individual Email will send an email instantly when there is a new topic or reply.
   • Notification only won't send any emails, just notifications about group discussions.
   • None won't send any notifications.
7. Click . You will be added to the group.
   
   • To leave a group, navigate to the group's home page and click Edit Membership, then Leave this group.

[Edit]References

Damaged hair can be frustrating, but with a little time, love, and care, you can make it more manageable. One of the first steps to taking care of damaged hair is keeping it moisturized. Dry hair is often very brittle, which leads to damaged hair. This article will give you tips on how you can make your hair feel softer. It will also give you some advice on how you can prevent your hair from becoming damaged in the future by keeping it healthy and strong.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Caring for Your Hair

1. Brush your hair properly. Do not brush your hair from the roots straight down to the ends; this causes even more snags, knots, and tears. Instead, work in small sections, and brush your hair starting from the ends first. Make sure that the brush you are using has soft, flexible bristles.
   
   • Do not brush your hair while it is still wet, unless you have curly hair.
   • If you have curly hair, brush your hair while it is still wet using a wide-toothed comb. If possible, do this before you rinse out your conditioner. The conditioner will help your comb glide through your strands with less resistance and breakage.
   • Consider using a hair detangler spray or gel to make brushing easier. This product will make it easier for the brush or comb to glide through the hair strands.^[1]
2. Avoid hairstyles that strain your hair, such as high ponytails tight braids. These sorts of styles can weaken the hair shaft over time, causing it to become brittle and break. Instead, try to wear your hair down or in looser styles, such as low ponytails or braids. ^[2]
   
3. Trim your hair every six to eight weeks.^[3] Trimming your hair gets rid of split ends. If you don't trim your hair regularly, the damage may creep further and further up the hair shaft, causing even more damage.
   
4. Avoid coloring, perming, or relaxing your hair too often or all at once. If you must chemically treat your hair, then do the perm or relaxing first, wait two weeks, then do the coloring. This gives your hair enough time to recover and prevents further damage.^[4]
   
   • If you dye your hair, try to stay within 3 shades. Going too light will over-process your hair and cause it to become dry and brittle.^[5]
5. Use the right hair accessories. Avoid using rubber bands or anything that has sharp, metal edges. Instead, reach for fabric-covered scrunches, plastic hair clips, and elastic hair ties. These will put the least stress on your hair.
   
6. Consider investing in a silk pillowcase. Not only do cotton pillowcases dry your hair out, but they cause too much friction, which results in tiny snags and tears.^[6]
   
   • Alternatively, you could wrap your hair with a silk scarf before you go to bed.
7. Protect your hair from harsh weather by covering your hair. You can use a hat, hood, or scarf. The hot, blazing sun can be very damaging to your hair, but so can the extreme cold. Both extreme heat and extreme cold can sap your hair of moisture, leaving it brittle and dry. This leads to damaged hair.
   
8. Try eating more food that contain fatty acids, protein, and vitamins. These foods won't erase the damage or make it go away, but they will help ensure that the new hair is healthy and strong. Be sure to maintain a healthy and balanced diet by eating other healthy foods as well.
   
   • Foods that are high in fatty acids include avocado, salmon, and olive oil. Fatty acids help reintroduce moisture to your scalp and hair.^[7]
   • Protein-containing foods include eggs, fish, and meat. Protein helps your hair become stronger.^[8]
   • Vitamin C-rich foods include broccoli, citrus, and spinach. Foods high in Vitamin B include berries, eggs, nuts, fish, and other vegetables.^[9]
9. Try getting enough sleep and reducing your stress levels. If you have a lot of stress in your life and don't sleep enough, your hair will appear unhealthy; unhealthy hair is more prone to damage than healthy hair. You can keep your hair healthy (and thus reduce damage) by sleeping more, and trying to manage your stress levels.^[10] Here are some ways you can reduce stress:^[11]
   
   • Try meditation, yoga, or breathing exercises to focus your mind.
   • Exercise to get your body moving. For example, you could jog, play a sport, walk, or even work out in a gym.
   • Take up a hobby, such as drawing, knitting or crochet, gardening, painting, playing music, reading, singing, or writing.

[Edit]Washing and Drying Your Hair

1. Avoid washing your hair every day. This can strip your hair of its natural oils. Without those oils, your hair will become dry, brittle, and more prone to damage. Instead, consider washing your hair twice a week.^[12]
   
   • To help keep your hair fresh in between washes, use a dry shampoo. This won't completely replace washing, but it will help manage that oily look and feel on the days you don't wash.
   • If you must wash your hair more often, then wash it every other day.
2. Use shampoo on the roots and scalp. These are the oiliest parts of your hair, and need the most cleaning. Gently massage the shampoo into your scalp and the roots of your hair using your fingers. Try to use little to no shampoo on the ends of your hair.
   
3. Use conditioner on the ends of your hair. This is the driest part of your hair and needs the most moisture, which conditioner provides. Apply the conditioner to the ends of your hair first and gently work your way up towards your head. You should use little to no conditioner on your scalp and roots.
   
4. Consider using a deep conditioning hair mask. These sorts of masks are similar to conditioner, except that they give your hair even more moisture and nutrients. Because they are so rich, you do not need to use them every time you wash your hair. A few times a month is enough. You can use a homemade mask or a store-bought mask.^[13]
   
   • If you wish to use a store-bought mask, look for something that contains Argan oil, coconut oil, or shea butter. Apply the mask to damp hair, then tuck your hair under a shower cap. Leave the hair mask on for the recommended time (usually 20 to 30 minutes), then rinse it off, followed by your usual hair washing routine. You can use this mask weekly or twice a month, depending on your hair type. Do not leave the mask longer than for the recommended time on the label.
   • You can also make your own deep conditioning mask using honey or yogurt. Because these sorts of masks are made from natural ingredients, they do not stay fresh for very long and should be used as soon as they are made.
5. Dry your hair using a soft towel. Bend forward and cover your hair with the towel. Gently squeeze out the excessive water. Do not rub your hair with the towel, as this can cause your hair to become frizzy or torn.
   
   • Consider using a microfiber towel. These towels are softer than the typical cotton towel, so they cause less hair-damaging friction. Simply wrap your hair up in a microfiber towel and let the towel soak up the excess moisture.^[14]
   • If you don't have a microfiber towel, even a clean t-shirt will work. This is still more gentle than a typical cotton towel.
6. Air dry your hair and use a hair dryer sparingly. While it is best to let your hair dry on its own, it is possible to use a hair dryer without damaging it. Let your hair start to dry naturally on its own. When it is about 70% to 80% dry, you may use a hair dryer on your hair. Be sure to keep it 6 inches (15.25 centimeters) away from your hair, and use the lowest setting possible. Too much heat from a hair dryer can damage your hair.^[15]
   
   • If you must use your blow dryer, always apply a heat protectant product beforehand to help prevent further damage to your locks.
7. Avoid heat styling and use heat-protection sprays when you do. Curling irons and hair straighteners might be tempting to use, especially if your hair is frizzy. While they may help tame the frizz, they can also damage your hair even further. Because of this, you should avoid heat styling whenever possible. If you must curl or straighten your hair, then use heat protecting creams and sprays. Simply apply them to your hair before using a curling iron or hair straightener.
   
8. Consider following up with some hair oils or smoothing hair products. Make sure that you are using a product intended for dry or damaged hair. These products will include a moisturizing or nourishing ingredient, such as Argan oil, coconut oil, or shea butter.^[16] Simply apply a small amount of product to your palm, and then rub the product through your hair, focusing mostly on the ends. Your scalp and roots should receive little to no product.
   

[Edit]Using Masks and Treatments

1. Use honey in your conditioner. Honey is a natural moisturizer, which makes it ideal for reviving dry, damaged hair. Simply add a few drops of honey into your conditioner.
   
2. Hydrate your hair with a simple honey mask. You will need ¼ cup (90 grams) of raw honey and just enough water to thin the honey out. Apply the mask to damp hair and leave it in for 30 minutes. Wash it out using shampoo and conditioner.^[17]
   
3. Smooth the frizz down using honey and apple cider vinegar. You will need ¼ cup (90 grams) of raw honey and 10 tablespoons of apple cider vinegar. Apply the mask to damp hair and leave it for 15 minutes. Wash it out using shampoo and conditioner. The apple cider vinegar will also get rid of any buildup in your hair and make it shinier.^[18]
   
4. Give your hair an ultra-moisturizing treatment with honey and coconut oil. You will need ¼ cup (90 grams) of raw honey and 3 tablespoons of warmed coconut oil. Apply the mask to damp hair and leave it for 10 minutes before washing it out using shampoo and conditioner.^[19]
   
5. Make a simple hair oil using honey and olive oil. You will need ½ cup (175 grams) of raw honey and ¼ cup (60 milliliters) of olive oil. You can apply a small amount of this oil whenever your hair is particularly dry and brittle.^[20]
   
6. Treat your hair with a yogurt-based hair mask. Combine 1 teaspoon of olive oil, 1 tablespoon of raw honey, and ¼ cup (65 grams) of plain yogurt in a bowl. Apply the mask to damp hair and let it sit for 15 to 20 minutes. Wash your hair with warm water, shampoo, and conditioner. The olive oil and honey will work together to restore shine and softness, while the yogurt will add protein, which is necessary for strong, healthy hair.^[21][22]
   
7. Pamper your hair with a natural oil hair mask. Heat about 3 tablespoons of oil in a double boiler or microwave, and apply it to damp hair. Be sure to massage it into your scalp. Put your hair up under a shower cap. The cap will help keep in both the moisture and the heat. Let the mask sit in your hair for 30 minutes to 2 hours before taking the cap off and rinsing it off with hot water. Wash your hair with shampoo, and then rinse it again with cool water. Be sure to rinse the back of your neck and shoulders as well.^[23] Here is a list of oils you can use in your hair, and what they can do for you:^[24]
   
   • Use avocado oil if you have dry or frizzy hair.
   • Castor can help strengthen brittle hair and add back some thickness if your hair has thinned.
   • Use coconut oil for extra moisture, softness, and shine. This oil is also good for managing dandruff.
   • Jojoba oil is great for those with oily hair.
   • Sesame oil will restore shine to dull hair.
   • Consider combining any of the above oils.
8. Use a store-bought protein mask. The protein in these types of masks will help rebuild your hair's natural keratin. These masks also tend to be deep-conditioning, meaning that they will also help your hair retain moisture; this is especially beneficial if your hair is coarse or curly.
   
9. Make your own protein hair mask by mixing together one raw egg and one tablespoon of olive oil. Massage the mask into damp hair, and tuck it under a shower cap. Let it sit for 30 minutes before rinsing it off with cool water. Shampoo and condition your hair as usual after using this mask. The egg yolk will give your hair extra protein, while the egg white will help remove excess oils. The olive oil will moisturize your hair.^[25]
   

[Edit]Buying the Right Hair Product

1. Avoid drugstore brands when buying hair products. They may be cheap and easy on your wallet, but they will be harsh on your hair. Many drugstore brand shampoos and conditioners contain silicones and harsh chemicals that can dry out and damage your hair. What you save on shampoo and conditioner you will later spend on buying masks and treatments. Instead, consider buying some salon brands. They are more expensive, but they are also less-damaging when it comes to hair. They help rebalance your hair's pH and restore moisture.^[26]
   
2. Look for products that will hydrate and nourish your hair. Just because a product does not say that it is meant for damaged hair doesn't mean that it won't help. If you cannot find something that says "for damaged hair" on the label, look for something that will hydrate, nourish, or strengthen your hair. These sorts of traits will help erase the damage, or at least make it less noticeable.^[27] Here is a list of things you should look for when buying shampoo, conditioner, and other products:
   
   • Products that say "Dry and Brittle Hair" are great for damaged hair. They are extra nourishing and moisturizing and will help make your hair stronger.
   • Look for products that contain moisturizers, such as Argan oil, coconut oil, or shea butter.
   • Smoothing and softening shampoos and conditioners contain healthy oils that will make our hair appear healthier and less frizzy.
   • Any products that say: repairing, hydrating, or moisturizing.
   • Consider buying some leave-in conditioners. They will help lock the moisture in, and prevent your hair from drying out.
   • If you dye your hair, then look for something that says "For Colo-Treated Hair." These products not only help prevent fading, but they also provide your hair with extra moisture and nourishment.
3. Pass on the overly-fragranced shampoos.^[28] Most of these shampoos contain alcohols and chemicals that are bad for your hair. They will cause your hair to become more brittle and dry, which could lead to more damage.
   
   • If you must use something fragranced, look for something with a natural fragrance, such as essential oil or coconut oil.
4. Avoid products containing parabens, sulfates, and other harmful ingredients. Certain ingredients found in shampoos and conditioners (particularly the drugstore kind) can be very harmful to your hair and body. You can prevent damaging your hair even more by avoiding the following ingredients:
   
   • Parabens are preservatives that have been linked to breast cancer.
   • Sulfates often appear in the ingredient list as Sodium Lauryl Sulfate. They are harsh detergents often found in floor cleaners and capable of stripping your hair of its natural oils, resulting in dry and brittle hair. They are responsible for the foam and lather in a shampoo.
   • Ureas are added for their anti-fungal and antimicrobial properties. Unfortunately, they have been linked to dermatitis and cancer.
   • Phthalates/plasticizers may disrupt the endocrine system
   • Petrochemicals, such as Lanolin, Mineral Oil, Paraffin, Petrolatum, Propylene Glycol, and PVP/VA Copolymer seal the toxins in your hair while keeping moisture and oxygen out.
5. Look for natural oils and moisturizers in the ingredient list. Certain ingredients found in shampoos and conditioners are beneficial for your hair. Here is a list of oils and moisturizing agents that should be in your hair products:^[29][30]
   
   • Oils such as Argan, avocado, and olive oil
   • Moisturizing agents such as glycerin, glyceryl stearate, propylene glycol, shea butter, sodium lactate, sodium PCA, and sorbitol.
6. Know what alcohols should and should not be in your hair products. Many hair products contain alcohols. Some of them are too drying or your hair, leading to more damage, and should be avoided. Others are not bad for your hair, and make good substitutes:^[31]
   
   • Avoid the following alcohol: isopropyl alcohol, propanol, propyl alcohol, and SD alcohol 40.
   • The following alcohols are not bad for your hair: Cetearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, and stearyl alcohol.

[Edit]Video

[Edit]Tips

• Avoid using excessive heat or chemical treatments.
• Don't straighten your hair every day
• If you're in a hurry, Put your hair in a bun, or a ponytail, and clip your bangs back.
• Don't comb your hair when it is wet unless you have curly hair.
• Don't put one of those black rubber bands in your hair when you keep it in there for a long time where ever you put it will turn white.
• Do not brush your hair every day.
• Don't pull with all your brute force when combing your hair. If the comb is breaking or is hard to brush your hair with, then use a brush of your choice.
• When using blow dryers, hair straighteners, and curling irons, try to use the lowest setting possible. Be sure to apply a heat-protecting spray or mousse.

[Edit]Warnings

• What one product may work for your friend may not work for you. If you try something, and it does not work or it makes your hair even more damaged, stop using it and try something else.

[Edit]Related wikiHows

• Restore Damaged Hair
• Wear a Beret
• Make a Great Deep Conditioning Treatment
• Brush Your Hair
• Wash Your Hair
• Follow the Curly Girl Method for Curly Hair
• Strengthen-Hair-with-a-Gelatin-Hair-Mask

[Edit]References

[Edit]Quick Summary

Tinkering with your laptop may feel a little nerve-wracking, but upgrading from home is actually a great way to improve performance for less than buying a whole new device. Typically, there are a few things you can upgrade on a PC laptop — RAM, storage, video/sound cards, and Wi-Fi card. If you have an especially modular laptop, you might be able to replace the CPU or motherboard. This wikiHow article describes the general steps to upgrade a PC laptop.

[Edit]Things You Should Know

• Get your laptop’s model information and manual before starting an upgrade. This will help your find the correct part and replace it.
• Follow our safety and setup tips before working on upgrading your laptop.
• Whether you can upgrade a part often comes down to compatibility and modularity. If a part is soldered in your laptop, it often isn’t user-replaceable.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Find Model and Memory Info

1. Look for your laptop's make and model number. Laptops will often have the manufacturer, make, and model number printed on the laptop itself.
   
   • The make and model number is often printed on the bottom of the laptop, but is sometimes also printed above the keyboard on the inside of the laptop.
2. Find the laptop's manual. In a search engine, type the manufacturer, make, and model number of your laptop, and then type “manual”. Among the search results, you'll find a link to the manual itself or to a page on the laptop manufacturer's website where you can download the manual or maintenance guide.
   
   • You can also go directly to the manufacturer's website to get your laptop's manual or maintenance guide.
   • If it's available, download the laptop's service and maintenance guide, because it will have detailed information about the specific hardware you can use to upgrade your laptop.
3. Determine how much memory your Windows Vista or Windows 7 laptop is using. Click the Start menu, right-click Computer, and then click Properties. In the System section, Installed memory (RAM) shows how much memory you have installed.^[1]
   
4. Determine how much memory your Windows 8 laptop is using. On the desktop, right-click My Computer, and then click Properties. In the System section, Installed memory (RAM) shows how much memory you have installed.^[2]
   
5. Determine how much memory your Windows 10 laptop is using. Go to Start > About Your PC > “Device specifications” section > Installed RAM.
   
6. Determine how much memory your Windows 11 laptop is using. Go to Settings > System > About > “Device specifications” section > Installed RAM.
   
7. Determine how much memory your Macbook laptop is using. Click the Apple menu, and then click About This Mac. In the About This Mac window, Memory shows how much RAM you have installed.
   
   • For more information, click , and then click the tab.
8. Determine if you have already have the maximum RAM possible. In your laptop manual, check the system specifications to see if you're already using the maximum RAM. Even if you installed more RAM, your system would not be able to use more than its max.
   

[Edit]Safety & Setup

1. Before starting any laptop upgrade, make sure your workspace is safe! There are a few ways to set up a safe place to perform the upgrade at home. Following safe practices will keep you (and your laptop) safe.
   
   • Your laptop manual will likely have a safe-handling section. This might be labeled something like “guidelines to working inside your laptop.”
2. Make your workspace ESD-safe. ESD (electrostatic discharge) can damage your laptop and new components. Here are some general ESD tips:
   
   • Stay away from materials that generate static electricity (e.g. carpets and rugs).
   • Ground yourself by touching a piece of uncoated metal before starting the upgrade.
   • Wear an anti-static wrist strap if you have one available.
   • Keep new components in their ESD-safe packaging until you need them.
   • Use tools that are ESD-safe.
3. Turn off your computer. Then, unplug anything connected to the laptop (AC power, mouse, keyboard, headphone, USB sticks).
   
   • Hold the power key on your keyboard for 5 to 10 seconds to discharge any remaining electricity.
4. Remove the battery. If you have an external, removable battery, detach it from your laptop and set it aside.
   
5. For internal batteries, follow safe handling practices. If your laptop has an internal battery, don’t puncture, dent, or bend the battery. Damaging the battery may cause it to catch fire or release toxic fumes.
   
   • Discharging an internal battery below 25% lowers the chance of a fire or toxic fumes in the event of battery damage.
6. Unplug internal batteries before starting the upgrade. After removing the bottom panel, but before starting an upgrade, unplug the internal battery (if your laptop has one and it's possible to do so). This helps prevent damage to electrical components in your laptop during the upgrade.
   
   • Internal batteries are often connected to the rest of the computer by a multi-cable plug. However, battery connectors can vary. Refer to your laptop manual for information on disconnecting the battery.

[Edit]RAM (Memory)

1. Determine what kind of RAM your laptop uses. In your laptop manual, look for the section on memory modules.
   
   • If you can't find the information in the laptop manual, there are tools online that will show you the correct RAM for a specific make and model of laptop. Click here for an example of one of these tools.
   • You can check out our standalone guide on increasing laptop memory for more info.
2. Buy the RAM you need. You can buy the RAM you need in many different places. Once you've identified the specific type of RAM you want to buy, in a search engine, type the specific RAM type, and then choose an online store where you'd like to purchase the RAM.
   
   • If you're using more than one RAM memory module, you need to make sure that they're each the same size. For example, you can't use a 2 GB RAM module with a 4 GB RAM module. They'll both need to be 2 GB, for example.
3. Before opening the computer or handling the RAM, ground yourself. Static electricity can destroy computer components. The simplest way to do this is to touch a piece of metal before handling computer components, but there are methods you can use too.^[3]
   
4. Use a screwdriver to open the RAM memory access panel. On many laptops, this panel is on the bottom of the laptop case and secured with one or more screws.
   
   • Your laptop maintenance guide will have very specific instructions on how to do this.
5. If you're replacing your old RAM completely, remove the old RAM memory. If you're adding RAM to an empty memory slot, you won't need to remove the old RAM first.
   
6. Follow the Safety & Setup steps. This information is at the beginning of this article.
   
7. Install the new RAM memory. Push the RAM gently, but firmly, into place Do not force the RAM if it isn't going easily. Do not do touch the RAM chips—hold the RAM only on the edges of the module.
   
8. Use the screwdriver to close the the access panel.
   

[Edit]Hard Drive

1. Look for your laptop's make and model number. Laptops will often have the manufacturer, make, and model number printed on the laptop itself.
   
   • The make and model number is often printed on the bottom of the laptop, but is sometimes also printed above the keyboard on the inside of the laptop.
2. Find the laptop's manual. In a search engine, type the manufacturer, make, and model number of your laptop, and then type . Among the search results, you'll find a link to the manual itself or to a page on the laptop manufacturer's website where you can download the manual or maintenance guide.
   
   • You can also go directly to the manufacturer's website to get your laptop's manual or maintenance guide.
   • If it's available, download the laptop's service and maintenance guide, because it will have detailed information about the specific hardware you can use to upgrade your laptop.
3. Find out what hard drives are compatible with your laptop. In the user manual or maintenance guide, determine the hard drive models that are compatible with your laptop.
   
   • In a search engine, search for the specific models of hard drives that are compatible with your laptop.
   • If the hard drive isn't the right physical size, it won't fit in your laptop.
   • Some laptops can replace their hard drive with a solid state drive, a faster type of storage. They tend to cost more than hard drives, but the speed boost might be worth it if opening applications and loading files feels slow on your computer.
4. Plug in the laptop with its power cord and turn it on. Backing up a hard drive can take more time than a laptop battery has charge. If you plug it in, you won't need to worry about how much battery life you have.
   
5. Backup your laptop's hard drive. Before installing your new hard drive, copy the contents of your laptop's current hard drive to the new one. This will save some time, because you won't have to reinstall all of your applications.
   
   • On Windows 8, System Image Backup is the program you can use to backup your hard drive. On Windows 7 and earlier, it's called Backup and Restore.^[4]
   • On Mac OS X 10.5 or newer, you can use Time Machine to back up your hard drive. You can also use the Disk Utility to back up your hard drive to CD or DVD.
   • If you want to start fresh with your new hard drive, don't backup to the new hard drive. Install your operating system, and then install and copy over any files that you need.
6. Connect the new hard drive to your laptop's USB port. You will need a SATA-to-USB adapter to connect the two hard drives. You can also put the new hard drive into an external hard drive case which will have a USB connection.
   
7. Install the cloning software on the old hard drive. Some hard drive manufacturers include their own cloning software, which may already be on your computer. You can also use a third-party application.
   
   • Clonezilla is a multi-platform, free, open source disk cloning utility.^[5]
   • There is a large number of cloning software for all of the major operating systems.^[6]
8. Clone the old hard drive onto the new hard drive. Before cloning the hard drive, be sure to read the help files to make sure you understand the process.
   
   • The cloning software will check to make sure the new hard drive is large enough to clone the old hard drive to it.
9. After the cloning is finished, shut down the laptop and unplug it. Be sure to unplug and turn off the new hard drive too. Wait at least one minute for the electricity in the laptop to dissipate before continuing.
   
10. Remove the laptop's external battery. If the external battery remains in the laptop during the upgrade, it can give you an electric shock. You may also need to remove it to reach the laptop's hard drive.
    
11. Follow the Safety & Setup steps. This information is at the beginning of this article.
    
12. Take out the old hard drive. As noted above, you may be able to reach the hard drive through the battery compartment. On other laptops, you may have to take off the entire outer case or detach the keyboard. A few laptops offer direct access to the hard drive through an access panel on the bottom.
    
    • If you're not sure how to get to the hard drive for you laptop, refer to the user manual or maintenance guide for your laptop.
13. Install the new hard drive. Put the new hard drive in, but do not force it.
    
14. Reassemble the laptop and boot it up. If you're starting up with a blank hard drive, you'll need to reinstall your operating system.
    
    • For general information, go to our guide on formatting a laptop hard drive!

[Edit]Wi-Fi Card

1. Look for your laptop's make and model number. Laptops will often have the manufacturer, make, and model number printed on the laptop itself.
   
   • The make and model number is often printed on the bottom of the laptop, but is sometimes also printed above the keyboard on the inside of the laptop.
2. Find the laptop's manual. In a search engine, type the manufacturer, make, and model number of your laptop, and then type . Among the search results, you'll find a link to the manual itself or to a page on the laptop manufacturer's website where you can download the manual or maintenance guide.
   
   • You can also go directly to the manufacturer's website to get your laptop's manual or maintenance guide.
   • If it's available, download the laptop's service and maintenance guide, because it will have detailed information about the specific hardware you can use to upgrade your laptop.
3. Find out if your Wi-Fi card is replaceable, and what cards are compatible. You might have a Half Mini PCIe or an M.2 Type-2230 (Key E) interface standard in your laptop.
   
4. Follow the Safety & Setup steps. This information is at the beginning of this article.
   
5. Remove the bottom cover. Access the wi-fi card by removing the bottom cover of your laptop.
   
6. Remove the wi-fi card. Then, insert your new wi-fi card.
   
   • For more detailed info, see our guide on installing a wi-fi card.

[Edit]Video/Sound Card

1. Look for your laptop's make and model number. Laptop's will often have the manufacturer, make, and model number printed on the laptop itself.
   
   • The make and model number is often printed on the bottom of the laptop, but is sometimes also printed above the keyboard on the inside of the laptop.
2. Find the laptop's manual. In a search engine, type the manufacturer, make, and model number of your laptop, and then type . Among the search results, you'll find a link to the manual itself or to a page on the laptop manufacturer's website where you can download the manual or maintenance guide.
   
   • You can also go directly to the manufacturer's website to get your laptop's manual or maintenance guide.
   • If it's available, download the laptop's service and maintenance guide, because it will have detailed information about the specific hardware you can use to upgrade your laptop.
3. Find out what video and sound cards are compatible with your laptop. In the user manual or maintenance guide, determine the video and sound cards that are compatible with your laptop. In some cases, you won't be able to upgrade your video or sound card. The user manual will have that information.
   
   • In a search engine, search for the specific video or sound cards that are compatible with your laptop.
   • See our guide on swapping out your laptop’s video card for more detailed upgrade info.
   • Your laptop might support using an external graphics card. This can often be easier than installing a new one, since you just plug it in to the laptop!
4. Before starting, unplug the laptop and remove its external battery.
   
5. Follow the Safety & Setup steps. This information is at the beginning of this article.
   
6. Consult your laptop's maintenance guide. Due to the wide variety of laptop models, the process for getting access to the video or sound card can be quite different. Your laptop's maintenance guide will have detailed instructions on how to do this.
   
   • For some high-end laptops, removing a panel on the bottom will provide access to the graphics card. For the rest, you'll need to follow the remaining steps to get to the graphics card slot.
7. Detach the laptop's keyboard. For many laptops you can get access to the video and sound card by removing the keyboard.This means removing the screws from under the hinge cover, then lifting out the keyboard and unplugging its connectors.
   
   • In order to keep track of the different screws, use clear adhesive tape to tape related screws to a piece of paper or cardboard, and then label them.
   • Some laptops secure the keyboard with latches that let you detach the keyboard without having to unscrew it.
8. If necessary, remove the screen apparatus. For some laptops, you'll need to remove the laptop screen in order to get access to the video and sound card cables. Take out the screws that hold the display assembly in place, and then unplug the video and wireless antenna cables.
   
9. If necessary, remove the CD/DVD drive. On most laptops, this means pushing in the release latch and sliding out the drive bay.
   
10. If necessary, remove the laptop's upper shell. Take out the screws that hold it to the base of the laptop.
    
11. Remove the old graphics card.
    
12. Install the new graphics card in its slot. Push the card in straight, but firmly. Do not force it.
    
13. Reassemble the laptop. Reverse the steps you followed to install the new card in order to reassemble the laptop.
    
    • On a Mac the processor is soldered to the mainboard.^[7]
    • Video chips and sometimes the hard drive is soldered to the mainboard.^[8]
    • Macs are usually the least customizable and least upgradable machines.^[9]

[Edit]Can I Upgrade the CPU/Motherboard?

1. Most laptops do not have a user-replaceable CPU or motherboard. The CPU is often soldered to the motherboard and would require advanced microsoldering techniques to replace. Motherboards are often difficult to replace, requiring extensive disassembly of your device. It may also be difficult to find a new motherboard.
   

[Edit]Video

[Edit]Warnings

• While it is possible to upgrade a laptop in the ways described above, you should not shop for a laptop thinking you can upgrade it later. In most cases, it is more cost-effective to buy a laptop with all the features you need from the start, and perhaps a few more than to buy a lesser machine and upgrade it to the level you want.
• While desktop computers usually allow users to select RAM memory and graphics cards from any manufacturer, laptop computers usually require users to obtain upgrade equipment from the laptop's manufacturer.

[Edit]Things You'll Need

• Small, non-magnetic screwdriver (either regular or Phillips-head, depending on how the screws are slotted)
• Anti-static wrist strap (optional)
• Rubber mat or clean, non-static cloth (optional)
• For hard drive upgrades, a SATA-to-USB adapter

[Edit]Related wikiHows

• Check Computer RAM
• [[Copy Files to an External Hard Drive|How to Copy Files to an External Hard Drive]

[Edit]References

[Edit]Quick Summary

This mixture of vegetable starch and water has been used as an adhesive for centuries. Street artists and concert promoters use wheat paste to put up posters, craftspeople use it in papier-mâché or decoupage, and professional bookbinders use it for archival quality repair. This article takes you through the simple steps for making your own.

[Edit]Things You Should Know

• Wheat paste is a simple DIY adhesive popular among street artists, guerilla marketers, and craft enthusiasts.
• You can make a simple wheat paste by whisking flour and cool water together and then adding it to boiling water.
• Apply the wheat paste using a paint brush or roller if you’re hanging a poster or art.
• Wheat paste is a great medium for decoupage or sculpting, and it can even repair a book’s binding.

[Edit]Ingredients

• 3 Tbsp (50 mL) wheat flour or wheat starch
• a small amount of cool water
• 3/4 cup (200 mL) water for boiling

Optional:

• Additional 2 cups (500 mL) water (if you use a double boiler)
• Sugar or white glue (to strengthen a weak batch)
• Copper sulphate (a preservative and bug deterrent)^[1]

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Making the Paste

1. Boil a pot of water. Pour 3/4 cup (200 mL) water into a saucepan and bring to a boil.
   
2. Whisk the flour and cool water together. Take 3 Tbsp (50 mL) flour or starch and gradually add room temperature water while stirring or whisking. Stop when all the flour is wet and the mixture is runny enough to pour.
   
   
3. Stir the runny mixture into the boiling water. Once the water is boiled, add the flour mixture while stirring constantly.
   
   
   • The mixture will foam as it boils. Stirring or whisking prevents the mixture from boiling over, burning, or forming lumps.
   • To reduce the chance of these mishaps, make a double boiler by placing the pot of wheat paste in a larger pot containing roughly 2 cups (500 mL) boiling water.
   • If it thickens too much to stir, add more water.
4. Remove from heat when thick and smooth. This can take anywhere from 2 to 10 minutes.^[2]
   
   • If using starch, the mixture will be translucent when ready.
5. Perfect the batch. In many cases the batch will be ready to use once it cools. However, it's easy to make adjustments while the goop is still hot:
   
   
   • If the batch isn't sticky enough, stir in sugar or white glue. Begin with 3 Tbsp (50 mL) sugar or glue and add more if necessary.
   • To preserve the mixture longer and deter bugs from eating it, mix in a small amount of copper sulphate.^[3]
6. Let the mixture cool. Once at room temperature it should hold together as a gluey gelatinous paste.
   
   • Each brand of flour and starch is a little different, so the exact consistency will vary. As long as there are no lumps it should work well.
   • To remove lumps from the paste, strain it through a thin sieve or pair of tights.^[4]
7. Store in a sealed container in the refrigerator. Left at room temperature, the paste will begin to smell after 2 days and grow mold within a week.^[5] Even for pastes without copper sulphate, there are easy ways to extend this shelf life:
   
   
   • Reheat unused paste in a covered container after each project to sterilize it.^[6]
   • Pour a little water on top of the paste for storage. If the paste is cool the water will sit on top of the paste and prevent mold from reaching it. Pour out the water again before using.

[Edit]Using Paste to Attach Posters and Street Art

1. Apply paste to a surface. Using your preferred tool (such as a paintbrush or your gloved hands), apply a liberal coat of paste to a wall. It will adhere strongly to wood, stone, and most other surfaces.
   
   
   • Remove any lumps from the paste to prevent bubbles and lumps from tearing the poster.
   • Attaching posters to other people's property or in public places is illegal in some regions.
2. Stick the poster or art onto the pasted surface. Do this slowly, rolling it up from one side to prevent wrinkles from forming.
   
   
   • For very large posters or high surfaces, a push broom may be useful.
3. Apply additional paste over the poster. A glossy, sticky layer over the whole poster will dry into a strong adherent.^[7]
   
   
   • If you used whole wheat flour, the paste may have brown flecks or tinge. Apply such paste lightly to avoid obscuring the poster.
   • If you don't have enough time or paste to cover the entire poster, prioritize the corners or furthest edges.

[Edit]Art Projects Using Wheat Paste

1. Decorate an Object using Decoupage. Wheat paste is an excellent glue to use in paper-based crafts.
   
2. Create Sculptures from Waste Paper. Wheat paste is strong enough to support three dimensional sculptures as well, although you should mix in glue or sugar if your batch comes out too weak.
   
3. Repair a Book's Binding. Many bookbinders prefer homemade paste to store bought glue, or use a mix of paste and specialized "PVA glue".
   
   • Some bookbinders recommend using starch powder rather than flour to create a more transparent paste.

[Edit]Video

[Edit]Tips

• Rice starch or flour is commonly used to make a similar strong adhesive. If other flours or starches are available in your area, try experimenting with different ratios of flour to water until you get a smooth, strong paste.
• Follow the same instructions for a halved or doubled recipe.^[8]
• Starch paste can be diluted more than wheat paste and is thus preferred by bookbinders treating delicate materials.

[Edit]Warnings

• Do not add super glue, rubber cement, or other volatile adhesives to your paste.^[9]

[Edit]Things You'll Need

For making paste:

• Bowl
• Mixing spoon or whisk
• Saucepan or double boiler

For attaching posters, you need one or more of:

• Wide paintbrush
• Paint roller
• Broom
• Gloves you don't mind damaging

[Edit]Related wikiHows

• Make Paper from Old Scrap Paper
• Make a Piñata
• Remove Wallpaper

[Edit]References

[Edit]Quick Summary

Old books are a charming link to the past, but quite a fragile one. Dust, mild stains, and pencil marks are fairly easy to remove. More serious damage from insects, acid, or damp is difficult but not impossible to repair. If you're treating an antique, you may want to place it in the hands of a professional.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Remove Sticky Residue

1. Label adhesive or other residue responds well to a little baby oil or cooking oil on a piece of cotton wool. Press firmly and work in until the glue lifts. Remove the oil with a clean piece of cotton wool.
   
   
   • Oil may cause stains on some material. Test on a corner first.

[Edit]Clean Leather Bound Books

1. Apply a little clear shoe polish or cleaning polish with a soft cloth. Test on a corner of the book first to make sure it doesn't remove any ink. Wipe off the polish with a clean cloth after you've removed the dirt.
   
   

[Edit]Clean Fabric Covers

1. Carefully clean fabric covers with an art gum eraser. Excessive dirt may require a cloth dampened with fabric softener, but be aware this increases the risk of damage or mold. Make sure the book is fully dried before storing.
   
   

[Edit]Remove Smudges and Marks

1. Remove smudges and pencil marks with an art gum eraser. This is softer than a rubber eraser, but you should still use it with great care to avoid tearing the paper. Work with the art gum eraser only on one direction.
   
   

[Edit]Absorb Smells

1. If the book smells musty, put it in a container with something that can absorb smells and moisture. Try a sock filled with cat litter or rice, or place the book on newspaper dusted with talcum powder.^[1]
   
   
   • Sunlight will make this most effective. Dappled shade is a compromise that will reduce color fading.

[Edit]Use Book Cleaner

1. Remove serious residue with Absorene book cleaner. This is a soft and pliable putty that will remove grime and smoke residue from pages and from fabric bindings. Just roll it gently over the grime to pick up the dirt.^[2]
   

[Edit]Use a Damp Cloth

1. Wipe with a slightly damp cloth as a last resort. This is only recommended on paperback covers and waterproof dust jackets. You can also try this on especially stubborn dirt, if you accept the risk of further damage. Here's how to minimize this risk:
   
   
   • Take a cloth made from microfiber or another lint-free material.
   • Rinse out the cloth with very hot water, then wring it out thoroughly.
   • Wrap a dry towel around the cloth and wring it out again. Remove the cloth, which should now be barely damp at all.
   • Carefully wipe away dirt from the cover, and very lightly from the page edges.
   • Buff with a dry cloth immediately afterward.

[Edit]Dry Out Wet Books

1. Books which have been subjected to water damage, immersion or a spill need to be dried slowly and carefully. An airing cupboard is ideal, but you may use a surface next to a radiator or a sunny window. Open the book to allow the air to circulate and gently turn over a few pages at regular intervals to prevent sticking. Once dry, press beneath several heavy books to flatten pages and restore the appearance.
   
   
   • Don't be tempted to use a hair dryer, oven, or fan. This can easily damage pages and loosen them from the spine.

[Edit]Prevent Book Mites

1. Freeze books affected by pests. If the book is full of tiny holes, or if bits of paper flake off when you move it, it could be infested with book mites or other paper-eating pests. To prevent further damage, seal the book in a freezer bag with the air squeezed out. Place the bag in the freezer for several weeks to kill off insects and eggs.^[3]
   
   

[Edit]Check for Mold

1. Mold usually causes a strong musty smell. Any book with warped binding, wet or stuck-together pages, or obvious water damage is also at risk of mold. Unfortunately, mold damage is extremely difficult to repair without hiring a professional. Store the book in a warm, dry location to minimize further damage.
   
   
   • If you see a furry white or grey mold on the pages, gently wipe it away with a soft cloth.

[Edit]Repair Book Binding

1. In severe cases, you can repair the binding or make a new one. While not difficult with practice, it's best not to try this on rare or valuable books.
   
   

[Edit]Go to a Professional

1. Any librarian or rare book dealer should be able to advise you on more specialized cases. If you have a valuable or antique book, consider hiring a professional archivist to make the repairs.^[4]
   
   

[Edit]Video

[Edit]Tips

• Store books vertically on a shelf, with the spines facing outward. Avoid direct sunlight, strong smells, and humidity.^[5]

[Edit]Warnings

• Never use water to clean paper, or any non-waterproof cover. This may cause further staining and warping, and leave the book vulnerable to mold.^[6]

[Edit]Things You'll Need

• Soft, clean toothbrush or paint brush
• Art gum eraser
• Absorene book cleaner
• Microfiber cloth
• Baby oil (for adhesive)

[Edit]Quick Summary

[Edit]References

Trying to shake up your look? Or maybe your wig has faded just a bit too much and needs a refresh. Luckily, human hair wigs can be dyed relatively easily (unlike synthetic wigs) —you can use the same hair dye, the same developer, and even the same tools to dye your wig as you would natural hair. We’ve put together a simple, easy guide to choosing a hair color, mixing your dye, and dyeing and drying your wig. Let’s put the luster back in those locks.

[Edit]Things You Should Know

• Purchase a developer, as well as a natural color hair dye that complements your natural skin tone, or an artificial color that matches your personality.
• Mix the dye and developer together in a plastic bowl before you apply them to the wig.
• Paint the hair dye into the wig in sections, or soak the wig in the hair dye, and let the color set for 30-40 minutes.
• Wash the wig with wig shampoo and conditioner, then pat it dry and finish drying it with a blow dryer.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Choosing a Color and Mixing Dye

1. Choose a dye color that’s darker than the wig itself. You can only darken a human hair wig, not lighten it, since the bleach in the dye can damage the hair. To achieve light colors, start with a light-blonde wig or a wig that’s naturally closer to white.^[1]
   
   • If you’re going for a natural look, find your skin’s undertones, and use a hair dye color that matches your skin tone: gold and caramel hair tones work well with warm skin tones, blonde and yellow hair tones work with cool skin tones, and neutral skin tones work well with pretty much any hair color (lucky you!).^[2]
   • For artificial colors: blues are outgoing, oranges are warm and friendly, and purples are imaginative and spiritual.^[3] Bright colors like pinks and yellows are fun and bold.
   • Don’t dye human hair with fabric dye, which can damage the hair (the last thing we want). Only use hair dye.^[4]
2. Purchase a 20-volume hair developer. Hair developer opens your cuticles to allow hair dye to penetrate your hair, and is sold by “volume,” or penetrating power.^[5] A 10-volume may be too weak, a 20-volume developer will let you change the color by one or two shades, while a 30-volume will let you make the hair even darker. In most cases, a 20-volume developer will be just enough to get you that perfect color.^[6]
   
3. Mix the dye and the developer in a plastic bowl. Read the instructions on your dye to see how much dye you should combine with the developer in the plastic bowl. Mix with a plastic spoon. If the dye looks a little light, don’t worry. It will darken over time. Use rubber gloves to protect your hands from irritation or staining.^[7]
   
   • If your wig goes down below your shoulders, you may need two boxes of hair dye. It’ll be pricier, but don’t skimp on your hair.
   • Do not use a metal bowl or spoon to mix your dye. The metal can oxidize the dye, causing it to change colors.

[Edit]Applying Dye

1. Mount the wig on a stand and separate it into 4 sections. A wig stand will keep your wig's shape and style intact while you dye it, and will make it easier to work with the hair. Place the wig on the stand as you would put it on your own head, securing it by pushing T-pins through the wig cap and into the stand.^[8]
   
   • If you don’t have a wig stand, you can use a styrofoam mannequin head, or simply use the soaking method below to dye the wig.
   • The dye might drip off of the wig. To prevent any stains on your furniture, you can put a towel or plastic tarp around the wig stand.
2. Gather the hair into 4 separate sections. Use hair ties to make 4 buns on the wig: 2 at the base of the wig, and 2 more toward the front. This will make it easier to manage as you brush-dye the wig, holding strands of hair that you’re not currently dyeing out of the way.^[9]
   
   • If your wig is longer or more voluminous, divide it into as many sections as you need to feel comfortable handling the hair.
3. Test the dye on a few strands of hair. With your fingers or a dye paintbrush, apply the dye to a small section of hair. Test it somewhere that is not easily seen. Wait 30 or 40 minutes. If you like the color, apply it to the rest of the wig. If you don’t totally love it, try a different shade of hair dye.^[10]
   
   • Also, do an allergy test prior to applying the dye to the wig if you have particularly sensitive skin. Dab a tiny dot onto the back of your hand and monitor it for 30-40 minutes. If your skin becomes irritated, use a different brand of dye.^[11]
4. Paint the dye into the hair. Starting at the bottom of the wig, take sections of hair and brush the dye into the hair, working from the root to the tip. When you’ve finished applying it to a section, let it hang loose and move on to the next section. Repeat this technique for each of the sections of hair.^[12]
   
   • You can also dye by soaking the wig in the bowl with the dye. With your hands, gently scoop the dye over the wig and spread it through the layers of the wig. Be gentle. Try not to roughly rub the dye into the wig.^[13]
   • You can achieve lowlights by only painting the dye into some strands, or dye either the roots or the ends for a cute dual-tone look.
5. Brush through the hair. Once you’ve completely coated the hair in dye, use a comb or a wig brush to distribute the dye throughout the wig and ensure that the dye is evenly applied to the entire wig. This will help the dyed hair look more natural, which is key when it comes to human hair wigs.^[14]
   
   • Use a clean but old hair brush that you don’t mind staining with hair dye.
6. Leave the wig for 30-40 minutes to let the color set. Read the package on the dye to see how long you should leave it. In most cases, this will be about half an hour to an hour. If you can’t find this information, check the wig every 10 minutes. When it has reached the right color, you can wash it.^[15]
   
   • If you do not have a wig stand, leave the wig in the bowl to set and cover it with plastic wrap.

[Edit]Washing and Drying Your Wig

1. Shampoo the wig. Use a color-safe shampoo or a special shampoo manufactured for human hair wigs in particular. Wash the wig by placing it under a tap with warm water to get rid of any excess dye before lathering the wig with shampoo. Rinse out the shampoo when you are done.^[16]
   
   • Handle the wig gently, and avoid unneeded tugging or pulling, as this could damage the wig.
2. Apply conditioner to the tips of the wig. This will give extra shine to your wig. As with the shampoo, only use products approved for or made especially for human hair wigs.^[17] Avoid using any conditioner near the roots of a lace-front wig—it could damage the knots that keep the hair in place.^[18] Rinse out the conditioner with cool or lukewarm water.
   
3. Pat the hair dry with a towel and blow dry it. Gently squeeze the wig with the towel to remove excess water. Hold it with one hand or mount it back on the wig stand, and use a blow dryer on low heat to dry the hair in sections.^[19] While you’re drying it, you can style the wig to your liking. Once dry, try it on in the mirror and admire your new ‘do.
   
   • A blow dryer can damage some wigs, or cause some hair dyes to discolor if used immediately after dyeing. Check the dye’s packaging instructions for drying tips, and hang your wig to air dry if you’re unsure.

[Edit]Tips

• If you're nervous about dyeing your wig, take it to a hair stylist. They may be willing to dye it for you.
• If you want to ombre your wig, add streaks, or apply highlights, use the same techniques that you would use on normal hair.
• Hair that has already been dyed may not pick up color as easily as virgin hair.
• Dilute the dye down if your wig is very curly, as curled hair can absorb the colorant more easily.^[20] You can dilute hair dye with white-colored shampoo, but consult the box for dilution instructions first.^[21]
• Apply the dye evenly across the hair so you don’t end up with darker patches.^[22]
• Make sure to leave enough dye to cover the whole wig so you don’t run out at the ends!^[23]

[Edit]Warnings

• The more you dye your wig, the more brittle the hair will become. Dying your wig can shorten its lifespan.
• Make sure the temperature of the room is hot, as you won't have the natural heat from your body to help with the dyeing process.^[24]

[Edit]Things You'll Need

• Hair dye
• Dye developer
• Plastic mixing bowl
• Plastic spoon
• Hair dye brush
• Rubber gloves
• Shampoo
• Conditioner
• Wig mount
• Towel
• T-pins

[Edit]References

__

[Edit]Quick Summary

When a person is authentic, it means that they act in ways that genuinely show how they feel. They do this rather than putting on different faces around different people, or tailoring their personality based on context. Personal authenticity is the daily expression of your core beliefs and personality.^[1] To be authentic, you need to accept yourself for who you are, and treat others with respect. Authentic people display a consistent set of values, and don't change their behavior from one conversation to the next.

[Edit]Things You Should Know

• To become more in touch with yourself, try to accept yourself, act on personal values, build your self-esteem, and prioritize your personal growth.
• To act in an authentic way, focus on being present, trusting your intuition, expressing your honest thoughts, and being vulnerable when necessary.
• Be yourself (even at social gatherings!) stick around for the long-run in relationships, and avoid telling lies.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Engaging Your Authentic Self

1. Accept yourself for who you are. Accepting yourself often requires a mental attitude adjustment. Try to be slower to criticize yourself or see yourself as inferior to others. Focus on accepting and appreciating who you are as a unique individual. This will lead to authentic behaviors in line with your personality.^[2]
   
   • This includes accepting your flaws. Being comfortable with yourself requires you to accept that you are not perfect, and means that you should embrace your quirks and the distinct parts of your personality.
   • For example, it's fine if you have hobbies or interests that differ from those of your friends. Explore the things that interest you, and over time, you'll meet other people who share the same passions.
2. Support your self-esteem. Every person has valid thoughts and ideas, and is gifted and intelligent in unique ways. It is hard to act in a way that is genuine to your personality if you doubt yourself or lack confidence in yourself.^[3] People who lack self-esteem often try to act like people they perceive to be confident, or preen and act as if they're overly confident. This is a key sign of inauthenticity.
   
   • For example, people with poor self-esteem may dress in the same way that more popular people do, or listen to the same type of music as people that they think are popular. Instead of this, follow your own interests, whether or not other people share them.
   • If you have some emotional baggage, give yourself the time to think about it and move on if possible. Talk to a therapist or a counselor if necessary.
3. Act on your personal beliefs and values. Authentic people are in touch with their moral compass and their personal set of beliefs. This includes religious beliefs, moral beliefs, and beliefs of any other kind. These beliefs should be evident in your daily behaviors. Many people unthinkingly adopt a partner's, parent's or friend's beliefs without figuring out if they are right for you.^[4]
   
   • For example, if you say that all people should be treated equally and yet show obvious disdain for certain types of people, you will not be perceived as authentic. Or, if friends are drinking alcohol or eating types of food which you believe are unethical to eat, ask them to stop or excuse yourself from the situation.
   • Find your values by identifying what makes you happy and when you were the proudest. Figure out when you feel satisfied.
   • You can also think about how you want to give back to the world, then use that as a guideline for how you want to spend your time and energy.^[5]
4. Put time into personal growth. There is a great deal of authenticity to be found in growing yourself and pursuing interests that fulfill you as a person. This can be done through classes, volunteering or hobbies.^[6]
   
   • In contrast, inauthentic people often neglect the things that interest them in favor of pursuing whatever they believe to be popular or socially required of them.
   • When you're taking care of yourself, and you're being mindful of how you spend your time and energy, you'll often find that you'll feel better physically and mentally, and you'll likely be more productive and motivated.^[7]

[Edit]Behaving Authentically

1. Be fully present in whatever circumstances you find yourself. Being present will lead to greater authenticity because you'll be able to fully focus on the experiences, conversations, and interactions you're having in the present moment.^[8] The people you're engaging with will be able to tell you're engaged and present, and will perceive this as a sign of personal authenticity.^[9]
   
   • On the other hand, inauthentic people are inclined to let their minds wander during interpersonal interactions. In interpersonal settings, this behavior can be perceived as insincere or rude.
2. Trust your intuition when it comes to behavior and relationships. Intuition is the inner voice or gut reaction which helps you make decisions and informs your behavior. In terms of ethical decisions, your personal intuition can also form a “moral compass” to help guide you in making personal decisions.^[10]
   
   • Following your intuition will help you make consistent decisions and act in a stable way, rather than making decisions based on what you perceive to be popular opinion or social expectation.
3. Express your thoughts and feelings. Talk about your opinion when it matters to you. Authentic people are comfortable speaking their mind and communicating when they have a problem or are appreciative of something.^[11] If you feel inhibited to speak your mind, or realize that you frequently only say what you think those around you expect to hear, you're likely behaving in-authentically.
   
   • For example, express gratitude to those around you. Try saying something like, “Mom and Dad, I wanted to say thank you for helping me with my car payments last month. I know money is tight, but the extra cash made a big difference for me.”
4. Ask people for help when you need it. Genuine people accept that they aren't perfect and ask for help when needed. Authenticity is not the same thing as perfection. Asking those around you for help is a sign of humility and authenticity, and shows that you respect the skills and talents of the people in your life.
   
   • For example, if you've been struggling with your mental health and a friend is a professional counselor, ask them if they can recommend an associate who you can contact for counseling or therapy.
   • Or, if you have persistent car trouble, reach out to your co-worker who moonlights as an auto mechanic.
   • In a work environment, it's easier to get your colleagues help if you communicate your needs as an invitation to do something, instead of a burden that's been inflicted on them.^[12]
5. Be vulnerable. Share personal information about yourself and be open about your flaws as you start to trust others. Don't reveal everything if you don't need to. If you keep your true self hidden, you'll find it hard to build an authentic relationship.^[13]
   

[Edit]Treating Other People with Authenticity

1. Don't put on a different face or personality for social functions. In order to be authentic, simply be yourself in all social and interpersonal contexts. It can be tempting to act the way you think others want you to act, or to posture and act like you have an inflated ego in order to impress new acquaintances. However, these behaviors are not authentic, and other people will see through them quickly.^[14]
   
   • Of course, it's only natural to slightly modify your behavior and vocabulary around certain people. You talk to your boss differently than you talk to your partner or spouse.
2. Don't tell lies unless they're absolutely necessary. Honesty is a key component of authenticity. If lying is a routine part of your behavior, eventually your friends and other people in your life will catch on. Most likely, they'll find your lies very inauthentic.^[15]
   
   • You can remain authentic despite a lie or two, depending on the circumstance. For example, if you attend a dinner party but find the food distasteful, it's okay to say, “I'm not very hungry; I'll only have a salad.”
3. Maintain long-term relationships. Build trust and respect with other people. A key sign of authenticity is the ability to form and maintain lasting friendships, as well as romantic and professional relationships. Long-term relationships are not built overnight but are rewarding and self-affirming.^[16]
   
   • Inauthentic people are often unable to maintain long-term relationships. Inauthentic behaviors, like putting on airs, telling lies, or not having consistent personal values, can prevent lasting relationships from forming.
   • Learn to be okay with being rejected. If you don't have a fear of rejection, it will be easier to maintain a relationship.

[Edit]Tips

• Healthy communication is a key element of being authentic. If you are uncomfortable with communication, then focus on building this skill. Talk to others, take classes or be part of a group that encourages open communication.

[Edit]References

[Edit]Quick Summary

Fleas are a real pain for you and your dog. If you notice your dog itching or scratching more than usual, check them for signs of fleas including eggs, bite marks, and flea dust. Generally, you can get rid of these pests at home using topical flea treatments such as shampoos and collars. Before anything else, though, you should talk with your vet to ensure that you are using the right treatment and the right dose for your dog.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Identifying Fleas

1. Look for small red dots, flea dirt, and flea eggs on your dog’s skin. One of the most conspicuous signs of fleas are what they leave on your dog. Take a close look at your dog’s skin to see if they have any small, red, raised bite marks. Additionally, fleas often leave behind “flea dirt,” which will look like small, dark grains of sand, as well as small white eggs that resemble tiny grains of rice.^[1]
   
   • If your dog has an allergic reaction to the bite, the red area may be larger.
   • If your dog has dark fur, run a flea comb once through its fur to check for signs of fleas. Then, tap the comb on a white paper towel to see if any flea dirt or eggs fall off.
2. Watch your dog to see if they scratch excessively. Excessive scratching, licking, and biting at the skin is another clear sign your dog may have fleas. Watch your dog’s behavior to see if they are suddenly itching, biting, or licking at their skin more than is typical.^[2]
   
3. Look for irritation and scabs on your dog’s skin. Scabs, bald spots, and inflammation can be indicative of a number of skin conditions, including fleas. If you suspect fleas, take a look at your dog’s coat to see if the they have any areas of irritation, bald spots, or scabs.^[3]
   
   • If you find any of these symptoms present on your dog, call your vet. In addition to being a sign of fleas, these symptoms could be signs of ticks, mange, and other canine skin conditions.
4. Use a flea comb. If you think your dog may have fleas, you can buy a flea comb from most pet stores. Use the comb to check for fleas, as well as anything fleas may leave behind. Flea combs can make it easier to identify fleas, along with flea eggs and flea dust.^[4]
   
5. Look for jumping adult fleas. In severe cases, you may actually see adult fleas jumping on your dog’s back when it moves. Take your dog to the vet right away for treatment.
   
   • The severity of the case also depends on your dog, so don’t panic. The vet will be able to tell you how bad it is and prescribe treatment accordingly.

[Edit]Treating a Flea Infestation

1. Check with your vet. Before using a home treatment, talk to your vet to make sure you get the right product for your dog. Different sized dogs will require different dosages, and young puppies may be too small or young for certain medications. Call or schedule an appointment with your vet to make sure you get the right flea treatment for your dog’s specific needs.^[5]
   
2. Use a flea shampoo to kill fleas. Flea shampoo is a fast-acting way to kill fleas on your dog. It’s a first line of defense, though, and will only last for about a week, so take your dog to the vet for a more permanent oral medication as well. Read over the packaging to make sure you apply the correct amount to the correct areas on your dog. Repeat the bath as recommended by the packaging or your vet.^[6]
   
   • Too much topical flea treatment can be irritating and potentially dangerous for your dog. Be careful about using the right amount for your dog’s size and age.
   • Use your flea comb to brush out your dog after they dry to help remove any residual flea eggs.
   • Applying the flea shampoo correctly should leave very little residue on your dog’s fur, but still be sure to rinse well afterwards.
3. Apply a flea and tick prevention medication to your dog’s fur. The same medication that you use to keep fleas and ticks off your dog can be used to help kill a flea infestation. This treatment is more gradual, so it is most effective when combined with a fast-acting treatment such as a flea shampoo.^[7]
   
   • Topical treatments such as Advantage and flea collars can both help manage a flea infestation.
   • Flea collars only target adult fleas. You’ll still need to treat your dog with a medication that targets the eggs and fleas in developmental stages, in case any were left over after the bath.
4. Get a prescription for stubborn flea infestations. If your dog has a flea infestation that is causing them a severe amount of discomfort or is otherwise difficult to dismiss, make a vet appointment. Your vet can prescribe medication to get rid of a stubborn infestation, and to help keep your dog comfortable during treatment.^[8]
   
   • Always carefully follow your vet's instructions for administering the medication. Pay special attention to things like dosage, what time of day it should be administered, how many times a day it should be administered, and potential side-effects.
5. Treat your house immediately to prevent a recurrence. Wash your dog’s bed, blankets, clothes, and cloth toys in the washer, using dog-safe detergent and the “sanitation” setting if your washer has one. Disinfect bowls and plastic toys with hot water and dish soap. To remove fleas on the floor or carpet, place a flea collar inside your vacuum bag and vacuum up your dog’s common areas. Empty the vacuum frequently.
   
   • Flea-proofing your environment right after an infestation will get rid of any fleas or eggs that happened to fall off and escape.

[Edit]Preventing Future Flea Bites

1. Use regular flea and tick prevention. You can find flea and tick prevention in tablet, topical, and collar forms at most pet stores. Pick a method that works for your dog, and use it regularly. Apply topical treatment or administer the pill as instructed by your vet or the medication’s packaging. Likewise, flea collars should be changed as recommended by the collar manufacturer.^[9]
   
2. Brush them with a flea comb. Regular brushing with a flea comb can help get rid of fleas before they spread. Brush your dog weekly with a flea comb to help get rid of fleas before they can lay eggs and create a full infestation.^[10]
   
3. Wash your pet’s belongings weekly. Help keep fleas away from your pet by washing their bed and blankets, bowls, toys, and clothing like sweaters weekly. Use hot water and a dog-safe laundry detergent to wash fabrics, using the “sanitation” cycle if your washing machine has one. Wash your dog’s dishes and plastic toys with hot water and dish soap.^[11]
   
4. Keep your house clean. To keep fleas away from your dog, you need to keep them out of your home. Vacuum in the areas where your pet regularly rests, and use flea spray or flea traps around your home. This is especially important if your dog has had a previous flea infestation.^[12]
   
   • The right solution for your home will depend on your particular environment. If your dog has suffered from repeated flea infestations, opting for something like a flea bomb can help you get rid of a lot of pests quickly.
   • Flea traps work well as a safety measure in homes where infestations are already controlled.
5. Isolate any infested pets. Keep fleas from spreading from pet to pet by keeping any infested pets secure in their own space. This could include keeping a dog with a minor infestation in a room with a closed door to make sure no other pets can enter. If you have a more significant infestation around your house, you may want to take non-impacted pets to a stay with a friend or at a boarding facility until the fleas clear up.^[13]
   
   • Isolation should not seem like a punishment. Make sure your dog has access to plenty of food and fresh water, as well as comfort items like blankets, beds, and toys. Spend ample time with them every day. The point is to keep the fleas from spreading, not to ignore them or make them feel bad.
   • Always wash your hands and change your clothes after you have interacted with a flea infested pet before you allow any other animals to come in contact with you.

[Edit]References

[Edit]Quick Summary

Did you know that you don't need to be signed to a record label in order to put your music on Spotify? Unsigned artists may not be able to upload music to streaming platforms directly, but you can still sign up with a music distributor to get your music uploaded to Spotify. In addition to Spotify, most distributors will upload your music to other services like Apple Music, TikTok, Instagram, YouTube, Amazon Music, and more. This wikiHow article will help both artists and labels find a music distributor and get your music streaming on Spotify!

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Finding a Distributor

1. Are you an independent artist or a record label? No matter where you are in the music industry, a music distributor can help you get your music on Spotify. Several distributors work directly with independent artists, such as DistroKid or Record Union, while several others support labels in particular.^[1]
   
   • Many artist distributors also support labels, but not every label distributor also supports artists. AMPsuite and SonoSuite are examples of label-specific distributors.
2. Consult Spotify's Provider Directory. There are a variety of music distributors that can help you get your music on Spotify and other music services. The pricing for these services vary. Some services allow you to upload your music for free, but may take a cut of your royalties. Other services allow you to keep 100% of your royalties but may charge a one-time or monthly fee. ^[2] Spotify works with countless distributors, but recommends some of the following:
   
   • DistroKid. Independent artists can keep 100% of their royalties with DistroKid. ^[3]
   • CD Baby. With CD Baby, you can not only distribute your music on Spotify, but also take advantage of the distributor's wide array of marketing tools.^[4]
   • RouteNote. RouteNote is perfectly suited for emerging artists in need of a low-cost option.^[5]
   • BBN Music. BBN Music offers free music distribution to artists and labels around the world with their unique free plan.
   • Record Union. Another low-cost option, Record Union was the first independent distributor to partner with Spotify in 2009, and is perfect for aspiring independent artists.
3. Consider your location and your intended audience. Some distributors specialize in certain markets. For example, Spotify recommends e-muzyka for those looking to distribute primarily in Poland, or Qanawat Music for those interested in Arabic-speaking territories.
   
   • Spotify recommends The Orchard and Believe for artists and labels with global ambitions, as these distributors have access to a worldwide range of territories.

[Edit]Getting Your Music on Spotify

1. Sign up for a music distributor. Once you have identified a music distributor that fits your needs, create an account. It is often free to create an account with these distributors, and you only have to pay after you begin to upload music and select a plan/release model.
   
2. Upload your music to the music distributor. The files you upload to the music distributor should be a high-resolution audio file, but the file type varies by distributor. Most distributors prefer lossless WAV, or FLAC files, while some may also accept MP3, AAC, AIFF, and WMA.^[6] Some cheaper music distributor plans may limit the quality of the mp3 file you are allowed to upload.
   
   • If uploading MP3 files, make sure they're at least 320 kbps.
   • Some distributors may limit file sizes for audio uploads. If you're uploading WAV files and reach a file size limitation, convert your WAV files to FLAC to produce smaller files with the same lossless quality.^[7]
3. Provide the music distributor with the appropriate metadata. When you upload a song to a music distributor, you need to provide more than just the artist name and song title. You should also include information such as the album title, track number, music genre, writing credits, and copyright information. You can add metadata directly to your music files using an audio editor such as Spotify's very own Soundtrap.
   
   • Your music distributor may also have a form for you to fill out. Fill out these forms and all metadata for your music as completely as possible.
   • Are you uploading an album or a series of singles? Be sure to label your music appropriately so the music distributor can similarly label it on Spotify.
4. Provide artwork to the music distributor. If you have recorded an album, you should have album artwork available to provide to the music distributor. If no artwork is available, try to find a high-resolution photo of you or your band.
   
   • Most distributors require photos in a JPG or PNG format, with a minimum of 3000px by 3000px.^[8]
   • Once approved, your music will be uploaded to Spotify and other music stores and streaming services. It generally takes 1-2 weeks for music to go live on Spotify.
   • You may have the option to schedule a specific date for your music to go live. If you choose to schedule a release date, be sure to provide the music distributor with the appropriate files well in advance.

[Edit]References

[Edit]Quick Summary

Shipping liquids may seem confusing, but all it takes is some careful packing. We can help you get your package ready to mail so it arrives safe and sound!

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Filling a Cardboard Box

1. Assemble and tape shut the bottom of a corrugated box. Pull apart the box’s sides to separate them. Fold the flaps on both ends to get the box into shape. Then choose 1 end to seal with packing tape. Tape along the seams to ready the box for packing.
   
   • For shipping, use corrugated cardboard boxes. These boxes are double-walled, so they’re stronger than regular boxes.
2. Set a cardboard tray inside the box for easier packing. The tray is similar to an egg carton, dividing the box into cells that hold containers in place. It’s a useful option when you plan on sending multiple items. They can be purchased from moving and shipping companies, but many liquor stores can give you some for free if you ask nicely.^[1]
   
   • Foam trays are another option. These trays come in various sizes to hold all sorts of containers.
   • If you are using a specialty wine box, the tray will already be in place.
3. Wrap the container of liquid in paper. Wrapping paper or newspaper is usually enough protection with a tray. Roll the paper around each container as tightly as possible. To be safe, you can also wrap the containers in bubble wrap.^[2]
   
   • When shipping multiple containers, wrap each one individually.
   • Use rubber bands or packing tape as needed to hold the wrapping in place.
4. Place the container of liquid into the box. If you have a tray, this part is easy. Slide the container into the tray’s cell, squeezing the wrapping as needed to fit it. Keep the lid or cap end pointed upwards. Double-check that the container is wedged in place with its cap on securely. Repeat this with any other containers sent in the same package.
   
   • If you choose not to use a tray, lay the container in the center of the box. Keep it away from the sides as much as possible.
5. Fill the extra space around the container with filler material. Stuff the packing peanuts, bubble wrap, or air bags into the package as needed.^[3] Use them to eliminate any leftover space, such as between the container and the wall. Also add cushioning above the container as needed.
   
   • The extra padding can make the difference between a broken container and successful shipping.
6. Tape the box shut with packing tape. Fold the box’s top flaps together. Tape along all the seams. Attempt to lift the flaps to check how well they are taped down. Cover over any loose spots with additional layers of tape to ensure your package doesn’t open up in the delivery person’s hands!^[4]
   
7. Label the box to show it contains liquid. Find a black permanent marker. On the top side of the box, write “Liquid” and “Fragile” in capital letters. In fact, write it several times all over the box to make your point. Then, take the box to the shipping company. Have them print out a label and place it on the top of the box.^[5]
   
   • Labeling the contents as liquid or fragile does not guarantee that the box will arrive in 1 piece, but it may alert a carrier about to handle the package roughly.

[Edit]Using Watertight Bags

1. Assemble a corrugated box. Shape the box by folding the flaps as you normally would. Use packing tape to tape down the flaps on 1 side -- this will be the bottom of the box. Double-check to ensure that there are no weak spots on this end.
   
2. Place the container of liquid in 2 watertight bags. Set the contained liquid in 1 of the bags. Fit it all the way into the bag so it doesn't stick out, then stuff the bag into the second bag. This ensures the package gets to its destination without leaking, which the carriers appreciate.^[6]
   
3. Tie the bags shut to seal them. Take the ends of both bags and twist them together. Fold the twisted part down over itself, then slip a rubber band over it. The rubber band should hold the ends of the bag tightly together.^[7]
   
   • Watertight bags are basically resealable sandwich bags. You can get them anywhere, but the grocery stores and office supply stores often stock them.
4. Place the bagged liquid into the cardboard box. Nestle the liquid right in the bottom center of the box so that it will have plenty of support on all sides. You may want to put a layer of packing material on the bottom of the box, too.
   
5. Fill the rest of the space around the liquid with packing material. Stuff in the packing material as needed to fill the rest of the box. Fit it between the outside of the bag and the box’s edges.^[8] It’s a good idea to place some on top of the bag in case someone sets another box on top of yours.
   
6. Fold the box flaps together and seal them shut with packing tape. Get the flaps on the box’s underside, too. Tape over any seams that appear loose. Once the box feels secure, you’re ready to label it and bring it to the shipping company.^[9]
   
7. Write “Liquid” or “Fragile” in large, visible letters all over the box. Then hand the box to the shipping company and have them print out a label with both the recipient’s and your name and address.^[10]
   

[Edit]Shipping Perishables

1. Assemble the corrugated box. As usual, transform flat cardboard into a box. Fold down all the flaps to finish shaping it. Then tape down the bottom end, sealing any seams.
   
2. Put an insulated Styrofoam container inside the box. You can purchase this insulated container from a shipping company or office supply store. It should be slightly smaller than the box so that it fits tightly inside of it. It serves as both cushioning and absorbent material.^[11]
   
3. Place the liquid in a second container. Take the container holding the liquid and set it inside a larger container. This container has to be waterproof with a lid that fits on tightly. Make sure there are no cracks in it and that it has a little extra space for coolant packs. Set the containers inside the box.^[12]
   
   • Another option is to use watertight plastic bags. Either one works well, unless the shipping company has special rules on the issue. Ask them if you’re unsure.
4. Pack coolants around the container. Coolant packs can also be obtained from the shipping company or the grocery store. Fit them between the Styrofoam container and the liquid container. Lay a coolant under the container, then place 3 or 4 more between the container’s sides and the Styrofoam.^[13]
   
   • Coolant packs can also be purchased from the shipping company or an office supply store.
5. Tape the box shut and label it. Fold the box’s remaining flaps, then tape them down with packing tape. Seal the box by covering any other seams. Print off a shipping label and stick it to the box’s top. Also write “Fragile,” “Liquid,” or “Perishable” over the box to encourage others to handle it gently.
   

[Edit]Following Shipping Rules

1. Speak to a shipping company about sending liquids. Anytime you feel confused about how to pack the liquids, talk to a representative of the shipping company. They will be happy to guide you on the requirements and recommendations, as well as tell you what you can and can’t ship.
   
   • Companies like UPS and FedEx will ship liquids. Post offices generally don’t accept these packages.
2. Check your government’s rules when shipping alcohol. The rules differ from region to region. The government may require you to have a license to ship. Shipping companies have this license, so you may be able to use their services, but only when shipping to select locations.
   
   • It’s usually acceptable to ship a few small bottles to a friend. You can’t ship large cases of alcohol for sale without a license.
3. Avoid sending dangerous liquids. What counts as dangerous is also defined by your local government. This includes flammable and poisonous liquids, including gasoline, bleach, and even nail polish. If it has the potential to cause harm to a carrier, you can’t legally send it. Ask the shipping company for more clarification.^[14]
   
   • The liquids have to be doubly sealed, too. Don’t try to send a product you have already opened.

[Edit]Tips

• Inspect boxes and containers before using them. Nobody wants a cardboard box to collapse in transport.
• Come up with plenty of ways to eliminate space in the box. Use smaller boxes and packing material to ensure the contents are cushioned.

[Edit]Warnings

• Some liquids cannot be shipped by law. Consult your government’s laws and speak to the shipping company to avoid potential legal issues.

[Edit]Things You’ll Need

[Edit]Filling a Cardboard Box

• Corrugated cardboard box
• Box tray
• Bubble wrap or other filler material
• Packing tape
• Box label

[Edit]Using Watertight Bags

• Corrugated cardboard box
• 2 watertight bags
• Rubber band
• Packing material
• Packing tape
• Box label

[Edit]Shipping Perishables

• Corrugated cardboard box
• 2 watertight bags or containers
• Coolant packs
• Packing material
• Packing tape
• Box label

[Edit]References

You’ve seen them on TV and heard them on the radio, providing color commentary, reciting dizzying statistics by memory, narrating the play-by-play of the big game. Sports analysts play a very important role in presenting and explaining sports to modern audiences. As specialized journalists, sportscasters concern themselves with providing factual information, covering press for sporting events and interpreting the action for viewers. Becoming a sports analyst isn’t easy, but with the right experience and dedication you can rise through the ranks of the sports broadcasting industry.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Getting an Education and Building Skills

1. Learn as much as you can about sports. Most sports analysts start off as sports fans. Once you’ve decided to pursue a career as a sportscaster, absorb as much knowledge about sports as you can. Keep up with collegiate as well as professional teams, and follow multiple sports rather than just one or two. A good sports analyst is expected to be like a walking encyclopedia of sports information.^[1]
   
   • It is not enough to know all about one team, or even one sport. Sports analysts have to possess a thorough knowledge of all the most sports, including football, basketball, baseball, soccer, hockey, golf, boxing and even Olympic and extreme sports.^[2]
2. Become well-versed in statistics. Start paying close attention to game outcomes, player stats, win-loss records and other statistical information. Commit as much of these facts as you can to memory. Statistics is the language of sports analysis. As an analyst, your job will be to make authoritative assessments and predictions based on statistical models.^[3]
   
   • There is far more use of mathematical principles in sports analysis than most people realize. Taking a formal statistics course or two will help further your understanding of how these principles come into play.
3. Earn an undergraduate degree in a related field. Go to school and work towards a degree in journalism, communications or broadcasting. While it’s not strictly necessary to have one of these degrees in order to land a job in sports journalism, most employers prefer that applicants hold a bachelor’s degree or higher. Online programs are also available for those who are unable to attend university classes.
   
   • Holding a degree, along with the right experience, can give you an advantage over those without an education when it comes to getting hired.
   • Many online programs can be completed in less time than a full term at a university, and include all the most relevant courses, such as news reporting, media ethics, sports psychology and broadcasting.^[4]
4. Consider going for a graduate degree. Once you’ve earned an undergraduate degree, think about channeling your efforts into a post-graduate master’s or doctorate level certification. Many graduate programs include courses that focus more specifically on sports analytics and broadcasting, meaning you’ll be getting an education in your chosen field of expertise. These credentials will be very impressive to potential employers.^[5][6][7]
   
   • A graduate degree will require you to significantly narrow your area of focus, which may not help you get your first job but can make you a commodity for special positions later on.

[Edit]Gaining Experience

1. Play a sport. If you have the opportunity, think about trying out for a sports team. Having a practical knowledge of the sports you’ll be reporting on can be a major plus. Becoming an athlete will give you a chance to work closely with other players, coaches, recruiters and journalists, and afford you a behind-the-scenes look into the workings of the industry.^[8]
   
   • If you’re not a student and don’t have the option of trying out for a school team, look into joining a community league in your area.
   • Quite a few well-known sportscasters got their start as players rather than educated journalists.
2. Hone your communication skills. Start writing out your thoughts and analyses of sporting events for practice. A substantial amount of the expert opinions offered by sports analysts are written down in the form of blurbs, editorials and written interviews. You should also work on polishing your verbal skills and becoming comfortable talking to people to prepare for conducting interviews and appearing on radio or television.
   
   • A lot of writing goes into sports reporting, even if you’re working in broadcasting. The better you’re able to write, the better you’ll be at doing your job.^[9]
   • Devise a system for interviewing players, coaches and other personnel. Know how to make the best use of a short interview segment, and which questions to ask to receive the information you’re after.^[10]
3. Make industry connections. Attend sporting events regularly and meet as many industry professionals as you can. See if you can take up a minute of the coach’s time, or ask a sports reporter or even a camera technician how they broke into the business. Give your name to everyone you meet and let them know that you’re interested in getting started as a sportscaster. This way, they’ll remember you once it comes time to put your networking to use.
   
   • Don’t be shy about asking for advice. Most sports reporters are very comfortable talking to people and will be happy to share the secrets of their success with you.
4. Look for a job in sports journalism or broadcasting. When you feel prepared, start seeking out jobs in sports journalism. You may have to smart small initially, working for community newspapers or an independent local television station. There, you will find expression for your love of sports while learning the ins and outs of the business. Begin compiling copies of the articles you write and any tapings you appear on to have a portfolio to show to more prestigious employers in the future.^[11]
   
   • Don’t be discouraged if you have trouble landing a job at first. Sports analytics is one of the most competitive professions in the nation, and the market is constantly saturated with hopefuls. However, this also means that the demand for hardworking people is very high.
   • No one begins their career with one of the major sports news networks like ESPN. In all likelihood, working your way up will require you to travel and even move to new cities to work for different press agencies and gather the experience needed to make you an asset to the bigger companies.^[12]

[Edit]Reaching a Professional Level

1. Provide credible information. Like any journalist, the mission of a sports analyst should be to provide the public with factual, reliable information. Take care to research facts carefully and represent them faithfully in your write-ups. Call upon your statistical proficiency to produce accurate figures and predictions, and share your own insights whenever you have the chance. Sports fans will be counting on you to provide them with reports that they can count on.^[13]
   
   • Always verify a piece of information before you relay it to the public.
   • Aim to construct a network of dependable sources that will give you an inside line on developing updates.
2. Get comfortable being on the radio or TV. While some sports analysts are confined to offices researching and writing reports, others will find themselves presenting these reports to the masses on the air. If you intend to advance into broadcast journalism, you’ll need to cultivate a distinct professional demeanor and be at ease working in front of the cameras. Learn to think on your feet and stay poised and you’ll quickly get over the nerves of appearing in broadcasts.
   
   • Talking for the radio or TV cameras can be intimidating, but will become easier the more you do it.
   • It may also be a good idea to know how to work with teleprompters, research databases, word processing programs and other technology utilized by professionals.^[14]
3. Be able to meet strict deadlines. As a sports analyst, you will be expected to have prediction models, written columns and other materials prepared under strict time constraints. Get in the habit of starting projects right away and taking an organized approach to data collection and analysis. It’s important that you be able to work briskly and efficiently under pressure and meet a consistent quota.^[15]
   
   • Your daily workload as a sports journalist will vary depending on where you work and what your exact job description is, but will more often than not include extensive paperwork that has to be submitted in a timely manner in order to support the information included in broadcasts.
4. Stay up-to-date on sports news and results. Keep watching sports and following the action of different teams, leagues and events. Even if you’re not observing from the press box, you should do your best to stay current on major developments in the sports world such as game results, player trades and injuries and team personnel changes. Your reputation depends on your ability to keep up with all types of sports-related information at once. Luckily, this is the most rewarding part of working as a sports analyst—getting paid to immerse yourself in what you’re most passionate about.^[16][17]
   
   • In addition to your own research, you should know where to turn for credible, up-to-the-minute sports reporting. Follow the major news outlets like SportsCenter and ESPN to catch the big stories as they unfold.
   • Make use of your professional sources for exclusive inside information.^[18]

[Edit]Tips

• If the job market for traditional sports reporting is oversaturated in your area, try looking for jobs with online publications and sponsored blogs. These can make a great platform for launching your career.
• Read books and listen to interviews with famous sportscasters to find out more about how they got their start.
• Rather than approaching your new career as an eager fan, you should learn to think like a coach. Becoming a successful sports analyst is not just about reporting facts but knowing what factors need to be in place to win games and make a team great.
• Be willing to learn and continue honing your craft, even after you've done it for years. Your goal should be to constantly refine your expertise and the ways you're able to relate it.

[Edit]Warnings

• Working hours may be very long and arduous with demanding deadlines in the midst of different sports seasons.

[Edit]Related wikiHows

• Become a Sports Journalist

[Edit]References

[Edit]Quick Summary

Vending machines are a great way to get a quick snack or drink when you’re out and about. To use a vending machine, just insert cash or use your credit card and enter the code for the item you want. If the item gets stuck, there are a few ways to retrieve the item or get your money back. This wikiHow guide will show you the easiest way to use any vending machine.

[Edit]Things You Should Know

• Find the code for the item you want to purchase. It’s usually listed under each product, and organized by row or column.
• Insert your cash bills and coins to pay for the items you want. Alternatively, swipe, insert, or tap or credit/debit card.
• If the item gets stuck as its dispensing, you can try opening and closing the collection area door to create a suction that pulls down the item.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Operating the Machine

1. Find the code beneath the item you wish to buy. Look underneath the items in the vending machine for their codes and prices. The code will either be a series of numbers, letters, or both. This is what you’ll type in to get an item. Each row will start with a different number or letter. The price is usually to the right of the code.^[1]
   
   • If the vending machine isn’t transparent and only has images of the items, press the button for what you want. The price should appear on the screen next to the money slots, or it will tell you that it’s out of stock.
   • Check out our guide on choosing healthy snacks for things to look for in snacks.
2. Insert the correct amount of money for the item. Smooth out any bills before putting them in so they’re wrinkle-free. This will help prevent any scanning errors. Look at the sticker next to the bill slot to find the correct way to feed the bill in. If you’re using coins, put them in the coin slot.^[2]
   
   • Avoid using any bills with rips or tears since the machine may not accept them.
   • Some machines may not accept bills over a certain amount.
   • As you insert cash, the vending machine screen will show you how much you’ve put in. Some machines will let you buy multiple items with the cash credits you’ve added.
3. Swipe, insert, or tap your credit card. Newer models of vending machines also let you pay with a credit or debit card. Locate the card reader next to where you insert bills. ^[3]
   
4. Type in the code or press the button for your item. If you make a mistake, press the clear or cancel button on the keypad. If the machine you’re using doesn’t require a code, then just press the button for your item. Once the code is typed in, the machine will dispense your item into the pickup area.^[4]
   
   • Some drink vending machines dispense the bottles in a compartment on the side of the machine.
5. Check the coin chute for any change. Look for the coin chute below where you insert the money. If you put in more money than what your item cost, lift the flap and take your change.^[5]
   
   • Check the coin chute before you use the vending machine to see if there are any coins left over from the last person that used it.

[Edit]Getting Stuck Items

1. If the item is near the bottom, open and close the door on the machine. Push the flap open to create suction inside the machine. If your item is loose enough, the suction will pull it down so you can grab it.^[6]
   
2. Ask a maintenance crew member for help. If there’s someone nearby that maintains the vending machine, ask if they can open it to get your purchased item. You might say something like “Hi, I just bought a bag of chips from that vending machine, but it got stuck. Can you open it for me?”
   
3. Call the phone number listed on the machine to get a refund. Find the phone number next to where you insert money. If you can’t get your item out of the machine, contact the vending company and let them know your issue so they can mail you a refund.^[7]
   
   • If there doesn’t appear to be a number on the machine, try talking to whoever manages the vending machine.
   • If you want to make money from these popular machines, check out our guide on starting a vending machine business.

[Edit]Warnings

• Don’t rock or tip the vending machine forward since it could fall on top of you.

[Edit]References

Feather earrings are all the rage in the fashion world right now. They're the ultimate bold accessory, but they can be played down just as easily. You can make your very own pair of super-stylish feather earrings with a few tools and materials.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Preparing the Feathers

1. Choose your feathers. There are lots of different kinds of feathers that you can choose from to make your feather earrings. You can get feathers that are naturally colored, dyed, shaped, fuzzy, long, or short. Select some feathers that appeal to you to create your feather earrings.^[1]
   
   • Check your local craft store for feathers. Don't use feathers that you find on the ground or that came from a bird you found (dead or alive).
   • Consider what kind of feather earrings you want to make as you choose your feathers. Try to choose colors and textures that will work well together. You can opt for natural color feathers or unnatural color feathers.
   • Keep in mind that you may not be able to find identical feathers to create a pair of earrings. Look for feathers that look similar to each other and pair these up to use for your earrings.
2. Strip the ends. You may need to expose some of the end of the feather to make it easier to attach the feathers to earring hooks. You can use your finger or a pair of tweezers to remove some of the feather fibers from the ends of the feathers.^[2]
   
   
   • Make sure that you do not remove too many of the feather fibers. Just strip away a small amount, such as ½ inch (1.3cm), if the feather fibers are in the area where you want to secure them together.
3. Bundle the feathers. If you want to use multiple feathers for each of your earrings, then you will need to create feather bundles. If you prefer to use just one feather per earring, then you can skip this. When you have stripped the ends of your feathers, match up the feathers that you want to combine into one earring. Match up the tips of the feathers so that the tips are even.^[3]
   
   
   • You can use as many feathers as you like in each bundle, but make sure that you will be able to secure them with a crimp bead first. Your crimp beads may only be able to secure two or three feathers.
   • You will use a crimp bead to secure the feathers when you are happy with your bundles. If desired you may add a crimp bead to each individual feather as a spacer to help fan them out. However, make sure that there is one central crimp bead connecting all of your feathers to each other.
   • If needed, you can trim the ends to help even them out. Hold the feathers so that the areas where feather fibers are present are matched up and snip the tips to make them even with each other.

[Edit]Using Crimp Beads to Secure the Feathers

1. Add a crimp bead or two. Crimp beads are beads that you can tighten around wire and other items, such as feathers, to secure them. Slide a crimp bead over your feather or feathers, but do not tighten it yet.^[4]
   
   
   • If you like, you can add an additional crimp bead above the first one, or you can use a different type of bead to add decorative flair. You can also just use one crimp bead if you prefer.
2. Insert an eye pin. You will need a way to attach an earring hook to your feather, and an eye pin is a great option. This is a pin that has a curved end, which is large enough to attach to a French hook earring. Insert the pin through the beads on your feathers.^[5]
   
   
   • Make sure that the pin goes through the crimp beads because you will need these to secure the pin to the feathers.
3. Crimp the crimp bead. Use a pair of crimp pliers to tighten the crimp bead. Squeeze the crimp bead with the pliers until it will not close anymore. Make sure that the bead is tight enough to hold the feathers and the eye pin together after you have closed it.^[6]
   
4. Attach a French hook earring piece. After the feathers and eye pin are secured, use your pliers to open the loop on the bottom part of the French hook earring. Hold the edge of the loop with your pliers, and bend it to the side. Do not pull it open because this will loosen the loop. Then, slide the eye pin loop onto the French hook earring loop and use the pliers to close the loop.^[7]
   
   
   • Your earring is complete! Make a matching one to complete your pair.

[Edit]Using Wire to Secure the Feathers

1. Cut a piece of wire. Cut about 6” (15.2 cm) of 26 gauge wire using wire cutters or some strong scissors. Make sure that the ends are flat and not pointed when you cut the wire.
   
   
2. Create a loop in the wire. Bend the wire at the center so that the two ends are almost parallel to each other. Grip the center of the wire (where it is bent) with a pair of chain nosed pliers and then hold onto the ends of the wire near the pliers with your fingers. Twist the pliers in one direction a few times to form a loop.^[8]
   
   
   • The loop should form easily with this type of wire. However, if you have trouble gripping it, then you can also try holding the ends of the wire with another pair of chain nosed pliers instead of your fingers.
3. Twist the ends of the wire around the feathers. Arrange your feather bundle so that the tips are lined up with the bottom of the twisted wire. Then, use a pair of chain nosed pliers to begin twisting one end of the wire around the feather bundle. After the first wire is wrapped around, begin overlapping it with the second end of the wire.^[9]
   
   
   • Wrap the wire around the feather bundle as tightly as you can. This will help to ensure that the feathers are securely attached and will not come loose while you are wearing your earrings.
4. Attach a French hook to the wire loop. When the wire is secured around the feather bundles, open the loop of a French hook and slide the wire loop onto the French hook loop. Then, use your pliers to close the loop again.^[10]
   
   
   • Your earring is complete! Make a matching one to complete your pair.

[Edit]Video

[Edit]Tips

• Make sure all your metal parts match up. For example, if your wire is silver, don't buy golden French hooks!
• When you are choosing your feathers, try holding up each feather just below your earlobe to see how far down it will extend. This will help you to find feathers that are the length you want them to be.
• Make sure the colors are compatible when doing feather bundles, you don't want something that has clashing colors in it!

[Edit]Warnings

• It is important to avoid using feathers that you find on the ground because they may contain harmful bacteria and make you sick if you touch them.

[Edit]Things You'll Need

[Edit]Preparing Feathers

• Feathers
• Tweezers
• Scissors

[Edit]Making Crimp Bead Feather Earrings

• Feather bundles
• Chain nosed pliers
• Crimp tool
• Eye pins
• Crimp beads
• Decorative beads (optional)
• French hooks

[Edit]Making Wire Wrapped Feather Earrings

• Feather bundles
• Chain nosed pliers
• Wire (26 gauge wire is a good option)
• Wire cutters or scissors
• French hooks

[Edit]Related wikiHows

• Make Hanging Earrings
• Make Bead Earrings
• Make Native American Jewelry

[Edit]References

[Edit]Quick Summary

Are you feeling confused about how to choose a sincere, situation-appropriate closing phrase for your letter? You’re not alone! Whether you’re writing a business letter or a thank-you note, your closer is an important piece of the puzzle—and the right one often depends on the situation. Here, we’ll show you which closing phrases are most sincere and teach you how to choose the best one for your letter.

[Edit]Things You Should Know

• Phrases like “Sincerely” and “Best” (along with variations like “Sincerely yours” and “Best wishes”) are great additions to any letter.
• Use professional closes like “Regards” and “Thank you for your time” to convey your message while being polite to people you don’t know well.
• Write more personal closes like “Take care,” “Cheers,” and “Your friend” in letters to people you know well and are friendly with.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Professional Closers

1. “Sincerely”{endbold} “Sincerely” works for any kind of letter, both professional and personal. When you’re trying to express sincerity, why not do so literally? “Sincerely” is a classic complementary close. The tone is formal enough for any professional correspondence while also conveying your sincerity to the reader (whoever they may be).^[1] Variations of this close include:
   
   • Sincerely
   • Sincerely yours
   • Very sincerely
   • Very sincerely yours
2. “Regards”{endbold} Use distant but polite closes for new, important professional contacts. When you’re introducing yourself to a new contact or reaching out to a business associate you don’t know very well, it’s important to seem professional. “Regards” implies both sincerity and respect.^[2] Use similar closes like:
   
   • Cordially
   • Respectfully
   • Best regards
   • “Regards” is a fairly neutral phrase. If you want to add some decorum without getting too friendly, “Best regards” is an easy switch.
3. “Kind regards” or “Yours truly”{endbold} Closers like “Kind regards” strike a balance between formal and friendly. If you frequently speak with the recipient, be it a close colleague or friend, it’s okay to close letters with more familiarity. “Kind regards” is polite but friendlier in tone, while “Yours truly” communicates a sense of integrity with your letter.^[3] Try other closes like,
   
   • Kindest regards
   • Warmly
   • Warm(est) regards
   • Have a good day/evening/weekend
   • Take care
4. “Hope to talk soon”{endbold} “Hope to talk soon” encourages the reader to get back to you quickly. Use this closing phrase when you're sending a letter with the goal of getting a reply. It clarifies your intent while still sounding polite and indicating your sincere desire to talk to them.^[4] Use variations like:
   
   • Looking forward to your reply
   • Hope to hear from you soon
   • When writing to a friend, you could shorten the phrase and say, “Talk soon.”
5. “Thank you for your time”{endbold} Use “Thank you for your time” when asking for a professional favor. It’s polite and sincere because it thanks the reader for taking the time to read your message in the first place. Your correspondent will likely help you if you acknowledge their efforts! This also applies when you want to write letters of interest and cover letters.^[5] Variations include:
   
   • Thank you for your consideration
   • Thank you for your recommendation
   • Thank you in advance
   • Thank you for your assistance
   • Thank you (or “Thanks again” if you’ve already said it once near the beginning of the letter.)
6. “With appreciation”{endbold} “With appreciation” is a formal variation of a simple “thank you.” If you already used “thank you” in the body of your letter, or you want to find a different phrase to express your gratitude, use “With appreciation” to thank the reader for looking over the correspondence. It’s especially helpful when you want to write a cover letter and letters of interest.^[6] You could also say:
   
   • With gratitude
   • Gratefully
   • With sincere thanks
   • Many thanks
7. “Best”{endbold} “Best” is polite yet not overly formal and an ideal default for most letters. Whether you’re writing a business inquiry or a quick note to a family member, “Best” is a great way to communicate your well-wishes to them politely. Use it as a default option, especially if you want a slightly more casual alternative to “Sincerely.”^[7] Other versions include:
   
   • Best wishes
   • All the best
   • Best of luck

[Edit]Personal Closers

1. “Love” or “Fondly”{endbold} Affectionate closers convey sincerity to close friends and loved ones. There are some closes that should never be included in business correspondence—but are lovely and sincere inclusions in a letter to a close friend, partner, or family member.^[8] In addition to “Love” and “Fondly,” those include:
   
   • Your friend
   • Cheers
   • With love
   • Always
   • Hugs
   • XOXO
2. “As always”{endbold} Use “As always” with friends and contacts you haven’t spoken to in a while. The phrase is polite and sincere; it indicates that you and your feelings are still the same. When you’re writing to a friend you don’t see often, it doesn’t hurt to remind them that you’re still you!^[9] You could also use “As ever” to close the letter instead.
   
3. “With deepest sympathy”{endbold} Use your close to express emotions when you write personal letters. A descriptive closer can remind a friend of your relationship and how you feel. End the letter by writing out the exact emotion you mean to express, whether it’s sympathy, sorrow, admiration, and so on. This kind of closer isn’t ideal for business correspondences, so save it for friends and family.^[10]
   
   • With heartfelt admiration
   • With my most sincere apologies
   • With a heavy heart

[Edit]Formatting & Signature Tips

1. Base your signature on how well you know the person you’re writing to. A signature is an important part of any handwritten letter and provides a feeling of authenticity to your words. Just be sure to consider who you’re writing to before signing your letter and sending it off!^[11]
   
   • Sign your first and last name when you write to someone you’ve never met in person.
   • Sign only your first name on letters to friends or work colleagues who know you.
   • Write your last name in parentheses if you’ve spoken to the recipient on the phone but never met them in person.
2. Use a handwritten or email format when sending professional letters. The formatting is simple enough: add a comma directly after your clothing phrase, then leave 2 to 4 lines of space before leaving your signature. Then, in the lines below your signature, add any key information the recipient might need, like your email, job title, phone number, or work address.^[12] Choose from the following formats:
   
   • On a handwritten letter, include:
     Sincerely,
     Ashton Bailey (Signature)
     Ashton Bailey (Your written name)
     email@gmail.com (Your email)
     555-555-5555 (Your phone number)
   • In an email, you only need your name, email address, company website, and logo (if there is one).

[Edit]Tips

• Leave personal pronouns out of your closing phrase, as they can sound awkward. Sentence fragments make the best letter closers! In other words, use "Looking forward" instead of "I am looking forward" to ensure your closing flows seamlessly.^[13]
• Remember that some types of personal letters can do more harm than good. For example, when you send a letter full of bitterness and anger, you can’t take those words back—they’re on the page for good.
• Before sending a negative or angry letter, put it aside and let your emotions settle for a little while. When you return and re-read the letter, you may find you’d rather soften the tone or not send it at all.

[Edit]Related wikiHows

• Sign a Letter
• Write a Letter
• Close a Business Email

[Edit]References

Spider plants, also commonly known as ribbon plants, spider ivy, St. Bernard's lily or airplane plants, are perennial members of the lily family. Easy to grow as house plants, spider plants propagate themselves by shooting off baby plants, or plantlets, while the mother plant continues to grow in size. When the mother plant gets so large that it is spilling from the pot, or becomes pot bound, it is time to divide and transplant it.

[Edit]Steps

1. Prepare your work area to make cleanup easier. Spread newspaper or plastic down on your work surface to catch soil spills.^[1]
   
2. Put 3 or more inches (7 cm) of soil in each pot. You may need to add more later, depending on the size of the pot and root ball. The soil in the bottom should raise the base of the plant to surface level and allow ample room for plant growth.
   
3. Loosen the soil and any roots that are attached around the inside of the mother plant's pot.^[2]
   
   • Insert a butter knife or hand shovel into the pot along the side.
   • Move the tool around the inside of the pot, keeping it close to the inside perimeter. Wiggle the knife as needed to pry away attached roots.
4. Remove the plant from the pot.^[3]
   
   • Place one hand palm-side down on the surface of the soil. Spread your fingers on that hand to cover as much of the surface as possible.
   • Turn the pot upside down using your other hand, dumping the spider plant into your palm.
5. Shake loose soil that adheres to the tuberous roots back into the pot. Use your fingers to loosen and remove remaining dirt to get a better look at the plant's root base.
   
6. Separate the tubers to divide the plant. The root base of a spider plant is made up of water-rich tuberous roots. A network of roots grows from each tuber.
   
   • Pull the tubers apart into 2 to 3 smaller clusters using your fingers. The roots of the plant will separate from each other to stay with their attached tuber. Don't worry if some of the roots tear off, new ones grow quickly.
   • You can also use a clean, sterilized knife to slice through the tubers.^[4]
   • Determine the size of your divisions by the size of the pots you are using for your new plants. The root base of the new plant should sit entirely below the soil in the pot and have room to grow before needing transplanting or division. The roots of these plants grow quickly.
7. Plant each division into a new pot. Place the roots under the soil and make sure the base of the plant is at surface level. Fill the space around the root base with moist potting mix.
   
8. Water the plant regularly.^[5] Keep the soil moist to encourage the tuberous root base to grow. Spider plants take quickly when divided and transplanted and rarely show signs of transplant shock or distress.
   
9. Finished.
   

[Edit]Tips

• Spider plants are commonly grown as hanging plants, used in window gardens, or potted and perched on shelves and other areas where they are encouraged to grow hanging babies.
• Spider plants thrive in moderate to cool environments with bright, indirect light. They might lose their green pigment or sunburn if grown in direct sunlight. In areas without enough light, the spider may fail to produce spider babies.
• Spider plants can also be propagated by planting the babies. Place a prepared pot next to the mother plant and allow the plant to rest on the soil in the new pot. Roots will develop and a new plant will grow. You can also cut the babies off of the main plant and root them in water or plant them immediately in moist soil. Baby spider plants transplant easily.

[Edit]Things You'll Need

• Newspaper
• Pots
• Butter Knife
• Potting Soil Mix

[Edit]Related wikiHows

• Divide and Transplant Lilies

[Edit]References

• http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/foliage/folnotes/spider.htm

Are you starting the foundation for a large structure or building a retaining wall? If so, you’re probably preparing to lay some concrete blocks. Laying concrete blocks is a simple project, even for beginner DIYers. In this article, we’ll walk you through the entire process, including what tools you need and what type of blocks to get. To start your project today, read on.

[Edit]Things You Should Know

• Before laying cinder blocks, pour a footing below the frost line. The footing is the foundation for the concrete blocks.
• Let your footing dry for at least 3 days before laying concrete blocks. Start with corner blocks, and use mortar to keep them in place.
• Place a wooden stake in each corner of the footing, and use a string line wrapped around the stakes to make sure your blocks are straight.
• Stack the blocks on top of each other in an alternating pattern on top of the footing. Apply mortar to the sides of each block before stacking them.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Pouring the Footing

1. Dig below the frost line. The footing is the solid concrete perimeter that your concrete blocks will sit on. Check with your county to see how far down the frost line is, then dig beneath that line to start your footing.^[1]
   
   • Be sure you’re not going to dig through a utility line as you start your project. In the United States, call 811 to see which utility lines are on your property.
   • Your local building codes may also specify how deep the footing needs to go. Typically, you need to make your footing twice as deep as the thickness of the wall.
2. Make your footing twice as wide as your concrete blocks. If you're using standard blocks, which are , make your footing at least wide. Dig the perimeter where your concrete wall is going to go that’s at least twice as wide as your blocks.^[2]
   
   • To ensure you’re digging in a straight line, snap a chalk line onto the ground to create your base shape.
3. Place 2x4s in the hole to keep the concrete in place. Grab eight 2x4s and place them inside of the hole that you dug for the footing. Use the 2x4s around the perimeter as a guide to hold the concrete in place while it dries.^[3]
   
   • Make sure that the 2x4s are flush with the top of the hole that you dug. That way, the concrete won’t spill out of the top.
4. Pour the base concrete. Mix a batch of concrete in a wheelbarrow with a shovel. Fill the frame that you just dug up to the edge. Level the freshly poured concrete by running a 2x4 across the top, and fill any spots that are low with additional concrete.^[4]
   
   • For a large retaining wall, consider renting or hiring a concrete mixing truck to come and pour the concrete for you.
5. Wait 3 days for the footing to dry. Before you can begin building, you'll need to give the concrete ample time to dry. Building on wet concrete can lead to sagging, and your concrete wall may not be as sturdy as it needs to be.^[5]
   

[Edit]Laying Concrete Blocks with Mortar

1. Section off the corners with wooden stakes. Before you begin laying the blocks, visualize all the corners of your frame. Place a wooden stake in each corner, and use a cord or string to tie off exactly where the corners’ edges will be. Attach a cord or string to the wooden stake used to mark the corners and lay out a perimeter.^[6]
   
2. Mix cement mortar with water. Take the bag of dried concrete, and look at the bag's specifications to find the ratio of mortar to water. Use a 5-gallon bucket or a wheelbarrow to mix the mortar with a shovel until it’s thick and paste-like.^[7]
   
   • Type M mortar is the strongest mortar mix out there, so it’s ideal for this project.
   • Use a drill and a mortar mix drill bit to make this process easier.
   • Try not to mix more mortar than you can use. Mortar dries out quickly, and any extra mortar you have will need to be thrown away.
   • Wear protective glasses, gloves, a ventilated mask, and long jeans.^[8]
3. Spread the mortar along 1 corner of the footing. Use your trowel to spread a few slabs of mortar around the corner's base of the footing. Spread the mortar deep and wide in the marked area. Continue to spread the mortar to account for the distance of about 3 to 4 blocks.^[9]
   
   • You may notice that the mortar falls off your trowel quickly, which can be frustrating. To keep it contained, scoop mortar up with your trowel, then tap the flat side of the trowel onto a flat surface. The remaining mortar will be thin and stick to the trowel until you’re ready to apply it.
4. Center the corner block on the footing. Stand over the footing and gently set the concrete block down, making sure it’s level and flat. Center the corner block in the footing by measuring around the block and making sure it’s even.^[10]
   
   • Use your string to make sure your corner block is level and in a straight line.
5. Continue to lay the concrete blocks in a line out from the corner. Start laying blocks from the corner or edge of the wall to work in one direction. Apply a thick layer of mortar to the sides of each block as you go.^[11] Keep laying blocks and applying mortar until you reach the next corner.
   
   • Apply mortar at the end of the block before you place the block adjacent to it.
6. Check the alignment of the blocks with a level. Before stacking more concrete blocks on top of your initial foundation, check if everything is aligned.^[12] Use your mason's level by laying it on the first set of blocks. Check both the outside and center section of the bricks.
   
   • Tap the blocks for any alignment adjustments while the mortar is still wet.
   • Do not try to move a block after the concrete has set, since that could make your wall unstable.
7. Apply mortar to the top of the blocks. Use your trowel to spread of mortar over the entire width of the block.^[13] Then, spread the mortar so it covers the length of about 3 blocks in the direction that you are laying the bricks.
   
   • Keep the mortar on the sides of the blocks so that it doesn’t fall into the hollow center. It won’t hurt your retaining wall, but it will just waste your mortar.
8. Stack the blocks on top of each other. Lay the block down on top so the edge of the top block aligns with the halfway mark of the bottom block. You'll recognize the pattern as a standard among the construction sites. The top block will fit in between 2 bottom blocks.^[14]
   
   • Use a level every 2 to 3 layers to ensure your wall is flat. If not, remove bricks from the uneven layer and try again.
9. Add reinforcement rods for high walls. If you’re building a house or a large shed, consider adding reinforcements. You can also use reinforcements if the ground pressure on the site is not stable. Place the 1/4" steel reinforcement rods into each opening of the concrete blocks.^[15]
   
10. Strike the mortar joints. The mortar joints are the spaces between the bricks that are filled with mortar. Once the mortar mix has set enough so you can leave a thumbprint in it, run a concave jointing tool along each joint to remove the excess mortar. Start with the horizontal joints, then move to the vertical joints.^[16]
    
    • For best results, move across each joint 2 times, and keep your tool wet.
    • There are several different joints to choose from, but the concave joint is the easiest to do for beginners.
11. Wait 24 hours for the mortar mix to cure. Mortar mix will start drying within 20 to 40 minutes, but it’s best to wait at least 24 hours before adding anything on top of your walls. After 1 day or so, the mortar mix will be mostly cured, and it will be strong enough to support other construction materials.^[17]
    
    • Mortar mix can take up to 28 days to reach its full cured strength.

[Edit]Warnings

• Always wear protective glasses, gloves, a ventilated mask, and long jeans when you're mixing mortar.^[18]

[Edit]Things You’ll Need

• Shovel
• 2x4s
• Concrete mix
• Wooden stakes
• Mortar mix
• Wheelbarrow or bucket
• Concrete blocks
• Trowel
• 1/4" steel reinforcement rods (optional)

[Edit]Related wikiHows

• Lay Concrete Blocks
• Form Concrete Walls
• Build a Mortarless Concrete Stem Wall

[Edit]References

[Edit]Quick Summary

When someone you care for is down in the dumps, it might leave you feeling a little helpless or frustrated. There must be something you can say to help dust them off and get them back on their feet, but what is it? With a little help, learning to comfort others can be super easy. That's why we created a foolproof guide for lending a helping hand. Read through our tips below, and you'll know exactly how to care for your circle in good times and in bad. Let's get started.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Knowing What to Say

1. Ask how they're feeling. One way to help get the conversation going is to ask the person how they are feeling. In any situation, a person is going to feel more than one emotion, even in sad situations, so letting them open up about all their emotions can be helpful.^[1]
   
   • For instance, if they had a parent die after a long and complicated illness, of course, they are going to feel sad. But they also may be feeling some relief that the illness is over and some guilt on top of that for the relief they are feeling. For this kind of situation, a person's feelings might be too complicated and overwhelming for them to open up at first but you can help them.
2. Acknowledge what's upsetting them. You may be tempted to dance around the issue if you already know what's wrong. If the person had a loved one die or if they broke up with someone they cared about, you may find yourself not wanting to say what the problem is because you don't want to hurt the person more. However, the person knows what is wrong and is probably already thinking about the situation. Asking about it in clear terms shows you care and are willing to deal with the issue as it is without sugarcoating it, which will likely come as a relief.^[2]
   
   • For instance, you could say something such as "I heard that your father died. That must have been really tough. Do you want to talk about it?"
3. Keep the attention on them. It's tempting to compare what they're going through with something you've gone through in the past. However, when someone is upset, they don't want to hear about what you went through, necessarily. They want to talk about what's happening in the present.^[3]
   
4. Don't try to turn the conversation instantly positive. It's a natural tendency to want to help the person feel better by having them look at the positive side. However, when you do that, they may feel like you are glossing over what's wrong; that is, they may feel like their feelings aren't important. Just listen without trying to show them the positive side of things and help them to process their sadness.^[4]
   
   • For instance, try not to say things like, "Well, at least you're still alive," "It isn't all bad," or "Cheer up!"
   • Instead, if you must say something, try phrases such as, "It's okay to feel bad; you're going through a tough time."

[Edit]Learning to Listen Attentively

1. Understand the person wants to be heard. Most of the time, people who are crying or upset just need someone to listen to them. Don't try to talk over them and offer them solutions.^[5]
   
   • You may be able to offer solutions near the end of the conversation, but at the beginning, focus on listening.^[6]
2. Show you understand. One way to listen attentively is to repeat what the person is saying. That is, you could say, "What I hear you saying is that you are upset because your friend wasn't paying attention to you."
   
3. Don't get distracted. Keep the conversation on them. Turn off the T.V. Drag your eyes away from your phone.^[7]
   
   • Part of staying focused is not daydreaming either. Also, don't be sitting there trying to think about what you want to say next. Actually take in what they're saying.
4. Use body language to show you are listening. That is, make eye contact with the person. Nod along to what they are saying. Smile at the right moments, or show concern with a frown.^[8]
   
   • Also, keep your body language open. That is, don't cross your arms and legs, and point yourself towards the person.^[9]

[Edit]Finishing the Conversation

1. Acknowledge your helplessness. Most people feel helpless when faced with a friend going through a tough time. It's a natural feeling, and you likely won't know what to say to the person. However, just acknowledging that fact and telling the person that you're there for them is often enough.^[10]
   
   • For example, you could say, "I'm so sorry you're going through this. I don't really know what to say to make it better, and I know no words really could. But I want you to know that I'm here for you when you need me."
2. Offer a hug. If you feel comfortable doing so, offer the person a hug. It's always better to ask first, though, because some people may not be comfortable with physical contact, especially if they have been through some kind of trauma.^[11]
   
   • For example, you could say, "I'd like to give you a hug. Would you like that?"
3. Ask about next steps. While there's not always a solution to what's bothering a person, sometimes just making a plan can help them feel better. Therefore, now is the time to gently offer solutions if they don't seem to have any ideas; if they do, encourage them to talk about and plan out what they want to do next.^[12]
   
4. Bring up therapy. If your friend is going through a lot, it's fine to ask if they've thought about seeing a counselor. Unfortunately, seeing a counselor comes with much social stigma, but if your friend has been having trouble for awhile, it may be worth it to talk to someone who knows what they're doing professionally.^[13][14]
   
   • Of course, the stigma around seeing a counselor is unjust. You may even need to convince your friend that it's perfectly fine to see a counselor. You'll be helping to combat that stigma by letting your friend know you'll still see them as the same person even if they need a little help.^[15]
5. Ask if you can do anything. Whether someone wants to talk weekly or just go out for brunch once in awhile, you may be able to help. You may also be able to help by offering support with difficult tasks, such as supporting the person if they're obtaining a death certificate for a loved one. Just open up the conversation to see if the person needs anything in particular.
   
   • If the person seems uncertain about asking you for help, offer up concretes suggestions. For instance, you could say, "I'd love to be able to help. I can drive you somewhere if you need me, or I can help by bringing food over, for example. Just let me know what you need."
6. Be sincere. If you offer support or help of any kind, make sure you are willing to follow through. For instance, if you say, "Feel free to call me, and talk anytime," actually be willing to drop what you're doing to talk. Similarly, if you offer to do something, such as drive the person to therapy, be the person who actually shows up to do it.^[16]
   
7. Check in again. Most people have trouble reaching out to someone when they need help, especially emotional help. Therefore, don't forget to check in with the person from time to time. It's important to be available if she needs it.^[17]
   

[Edit]Things to Say and Avoid

Talking to Someone Who Is Sad

Talking to Someone Who Is Sad

Things to Avoid Saying to Someone Who Is Sad

Things to Avoid Saying to Someone Who Is Sad

[Edit]Video

[Edit]Warnings

• Don't force someone to talk if they don't want to. They have to be ready to open up to someone first.

[Edit]Related wikiHows

• Hug
• Give a Great Gift to Someone
• Smile
• Have a Pleasant Facial Expression
• Be Down to Earth
• Cheer Someone Up
• Cheer up a Sad Child

[Edit]References

[Edit]Quick Summary

Do you want to power down your iPhone but aren't sure which buttons to press? If you need to turn off your iPhone, you can easily do so in a few simple steps. Depending on your model of iPhone, you'll typically have to press and hold a button (or combination of buttons) and then drag the power slider to the right. If you're having trouble using the hardware buttons on your iPhone that's running iOS 11 or later, you can also use the Settings menu to shut down your iPhone. This wikiHow will show you how to power off any version of the Apple iPhone, including iPhone 14, iPhone XR, and iPhone SE.

[Edit]Things You Should Know

• On iPhone X and newer, press and hold the right-side button and either Volume button simultaneously. Slide right on the power-off slider.
• On iPhone SE, 8, or earlier, press and hold the side button. Slide left on the power-off slider.
• When using the Settings app, go to General. Scroll down and tap Shut Down.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]iPhone X, 11, 12, 13 or Later

1. Press and hold a volume button and the right side button simultaneously. It doesn't matter which volume button you press. After holding down these buttons for a few seconds, a slider will appear on the screen.^[1]
   
   • If you don't hold down long enough, you might take a screenshot.
2. Drag the slider to the right. This powers off your iPhone. It can take up to 30 seconds for your iPhone to power down.
   
3. Press and hold the right side button to turn the iPhone back on. You can lift your finger from the button once the Apple logo appears.
   
   • You may need to wait a few moments until you can use your iPhone.
   • If your device is unresponsive, you can perform a hard reset.

[Edit]iPhone SE (2nd Generation), 8, 7, or 6

1. Press and hold the right side button. It's near the top of the phone on the rightmost edge. After a few seconds, a slider will appear.
   
2. Drag the slider to the right. Swipe the button from the left of the "slide to power off" message to the right and your iPhone will power off.
   
3. Press and hold the right side button to turn the iPhone back on. You can lift your finger from the button once the Apple logo appears.
   
   • If you need to force restart an iPhone 7 or 7 Plus, press and hold the Volume down and Power button until you see the Apple logo. Once the logo appears, release both buttons and wait for the device to reboot.^[2]
   • To restart an iPhone 8 or 8 Plus, press and release the Volume up button, then press and release the Volume down button. Press and hold the Power button until you see the Apple logo appear. Once that happens, release the power button and wait for the device to reboot.^[3]

[Edit]iPhone SE (1st Generation), 5, or Earlier

1. Press and hold the top button. It's on the top of your iPhone close to the right edge. In a few seconds, a slider will appear.
   
2. Drag the slider to the right. This powers down your iPhone. It can take about 30 seconds for your iPhone to turn off.
   
3. Press and hold the top button to turn your iPhone back on. Lift your finger from the button once the Apple logo appears on the screen.
   
   • To force restart your device, hold the Home and Power button until the Apple logo appears. Once the logo appears, immediately release both buttons and wait for the device to reboot.^[4]

[Edit]Using the Settings Menu (iOS 11 and Later)

1. Open your iPhone's Settings . It's the gear icon that's typically on your home screen, although it may be inside of a folder.
   
   • Be sure to update your iPhone.
2. Scroll down and tap . You can find this in the middle of the screen, above Control Center.
   
3. Scroll down and tap . It's all the way at the bottom of the menu. After a second or so, a slider will appear.
   
4. Drag the slider right to power down your iPhone. Your device will shut down
   
   • To turn your iPhone on again, press and hold the Power button until the Apple logo appears.
   • If you're having trouble with your iPhone's touchscreen, you can change its touch sensitivity.

[Edit]Video

[Edit]Related wikiHows

• Hard Reset an iPhone
• Print from Your iPhone
• Watch YouTube Videos on an iPhone
• Activate Internet Tethering on the iPhone
• Activate Your Replacement iPhone
• Convince Your Parents to Get You an iPhone

[Edit]References

[Edit]Quick Summary

Do you want to undo a TikTok filter or effect on your videos? If you have a video in your drafts or are currently editing one, you'll be able to remove any unwanted effects. You won't be able to edit a video that isn't your own. Select the video from your drafts and tap the back button to go into editing mode. Tap the effect in the menu to deselect it. This wikiHow will show you how to take out a filter or effect from your TikTok videos using your iPhone, iPad, or Android device.

[Edit]Things You Should Know

• You cannot remove a TikTok filter or effect from someone else's video, but you can remove it from your own.
• Go to the editing page of a video. Tap Effects, then tap the active effect to disable it.
• When removing a filter from a draft video, tap Effects. Use the back arrow to remove existing effects.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Removing a Filter from Drafts

1. Open the TikTok app on your mobile device. This is the multi-colored music note with a black background.^[1]
   
   • If needed, you can install TikTok. TikTok is available for iOS in the App Store and for Android in the Google Play Store.
   • If you aren't already logged in, tap Log in to do so now, or tap Sign up to create an account.
2. Access your drafts. Tap your Profile at the bottom-right corner, then tap the first tab below your bio.
   
   • You can remove the filter on a TikTok as long as it is still in your drafts. You can edit the filter before or after recording the video.
   • You cannot remove the filter of a posted TikTok. You'll need to delete the TikTok, edit the video, and upload it again.
3. Tap the video with the filter you want to remove. After tapping, you'll be brought to the video's editing page.
   
4. Tap in right panel. This will be above Filters.
   
5. Tap the back arrow. This will undo any effects applied to your video.
   
6. Tap . Your changes will be saved.
   
   • If you want to remove a filter, tap Filters in the right panel. A pop-up menu will open. Tap the cancel button on the left side of the menu.
7. Tap . This will save your changes.
   
   • You can now continue to create TikTok videos free of filters and effects.
   • Tap Drafts to return the video to your drafts or tap Post to post the video as is.

[Edit]Removing a Filter Before Recording

1. Open the TikTok app on your mobile device. This is the multi-colored music note with a black background.
   
   • If you aren't already logged in, tap Log in to do so now, or tap Sign up to create an account.
2. Tap . This can be found at the bottom of the screen. This is how you can create a new TikTok.
   
3. Tap .
   
4. Tap the applied effect. When you tap the effect again, it will deselect the current effect.
   
   • If you want to remove a filter, tap Filters in the right panel. A pop-up menu will open. Tap the cancel button on the left side of the menu.
5. Tap the red check mark, then . This will save your changes.
   
   • Tap Drafts to return the video to your drafts or tap Post to post the video as is.

[Edit]References

Having a flat bicycle tire can leave you stranded, but it’s simple to replace the tire yourself. Usually, this just means replacing the tube inside the tire. However, you may need a new tire if it’s very damaged or worn. Before you replace the tire, you’ll need to take it off. Then, replace the tube and tire, if necessary. Finally, put the tire back onto the wheel.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Taking Off the Wheel

1. Put your bicycle on its side with the chain facing up. You can’t remove a tire while the bicycle is upright because it will fall over. The chain side, which is called the driving side, should always face up to avoid damaging it.
   
   • You can also turn the bike upside down, resting it on its handlebars. Some people don’t like turning it upside down because the handlebars or seat can get damaged.^[1]
   • As another option, you can invest in an upright bike stand that will hold your bicycle while you work on it. You can find these stands at some bicycle stores or online. Also, you can build one yourself.
2. Adjust your gears to the smallest ring if you’re removing the back tire. Usually, this will be the outer gear. Setting your chain on this outer, smaller gear will make it easier to remove the rear tire.^[2]
   
   
   • You don’t need to adjust the gears if you’re removing the front tire.
3. Open and remove the quick release lever, if your bike has one. Look for the quick release lever at the center of your bicycle wheel. Pull up on the lever, then turn it 180 degrees to loosen it. Remove the lever from the axle and set it aside.^[3]
   
   
   • If your quick release lever doesn’t come off after you turn it 180 degrees, keep turning it until you can remove it.
   • If you’re not sure how to remove your bicycle tire, it’s best to check your bicycle manual or the manufacturer’s website.
4. Use a wrench to loosen the nuts if you don’t have a quick release lever. Hook the wrench onto the nut, then turn to loosen it. Continue turning the nut until it comes off. Remove the wheel nuts on both sides of the bike.^[4]
   
   • If you can’t get the nut loose, you can spray it with WD-40 or cooking spray to make it easier to loosen it.
   • A 15mm wrench is usually the correct size for loosening the nuts on a bicycle.
5. Detach the brake cables if necessary. In many cases, opening the quick release lever also detaches the brakes. If your model doesn’t have this feature, squeeze the calipers on the brakes to release the cables.^[5]
   
   
   • Check your bicycle manual or the manufacturer’s website if you’re having trouble detaching your brakes. Instructions vary for different bike models.
6. Lift the wheel off the frame. Pull the tire out of the forked slot that supports it on the bicycle. You may need to slightly shift the bike tire as you remove it.^[6]
   
   
   • If you’re removing a back tire, you may need to lift the bicycle chain out of the way.

[Edit]Removing the Tire and Tube

1. Deflate the tire completely. Loosen the cap on the air valve. If it comes completely off, set the cap aside. Release the air using the correct procedure for your air valve type. This will make it easier to remove.^[7]
   
   
   • If your bicycle has a Schrader (American) valve, use a small tool, such as your wrench, to press down on the plunger inside the air valve to release the air.
   • If you have a Presta valve, unscrew and pull up on the valve cap to release the air.
   • If you have a Dunlop valve, take off the cap, then pull up on the air valve to release the air.
2. Hook the rounded edge of a tire lever under the outer edge of your tire. This will pop up the edge of the tire, releasing it from the frame. Pull the other end of the lever down toward the spokes. Next, hook the other end of the lever onto a wheel spoke to keep the edge of the tire popped up.^[8]
   
   
   • If you don’t hook the other end of the lever onto a spoke, your tire will go back into place and reseal itself around the wheel.
   • The outer edge of a bicycle tire is called a “bead.”
   • You can find inexpensive tire levers at a bicycle store, outdoor store, or online.
   • You may be able to remove your tire with a spoon or screwdriver, but they can damage your tire.
3. Work a second tire lever clockwise around the circumference of the tire. Insert the second lever near the first one, then press up on the tire. Move the lever clockwise around the tire, pushing up on the tire as you go. Keep going until the entire side is loosened from the frame.^[9]
   
   
4. Pull the tube out from inside the tire. Insert your fingers under the side of the tire. Grab the tube and slide it out. When you reach the air valve, push it through the hole on the wheel frame, then continue removing the tube.^[10]
   
   
   • You can discard or recycle the tube.

[Edit]Inserting a New Bicycle Tube

1. Unwrap the tube and remove the dust cap, lock ring, and valve cover. Carefully unfold the tube, making sure you don’t damage it. A dust cap and lock ring may be on your air valve, and you will need to remove them. Loosen or remove the air valve cover so you can add air to the tire.^[11]
   
   
2. Inflate the bicycle tube slightly so it will hold its shape. Putting air in the tire will also help you avoid pinching, bending, or twisting the tube as you install it. This makes it easier to install the new tube.^[12]
   
   
3. Inspect the inside wall of the tire for a puncture. Look for a sharp object that may have punctured the tire, such as a nail, thorn, or piece of glass. Use your eyes, a cloth, or a gloved finger to check the surface of the tire.^[13]
   
   
   • If you find something stuck into the tire, remove it if you plan to patch the tire.
   • Don’t put a new tube inside your bicycle tire without checking for a puncture. If there is an item like a thorn or nail stuck in your tire, it will likely puncture the new tube.
4. Place the tube inside the tire. Press the tube into the tire using your fingers. The tube should follow the shape of the tire. Make sure there are no bends, twists, or kinks in the tube.^[14]
   
   
   • The entire tube should be inside the tire before you proceed. If you're having trouble getting the tube fully inside, take it out and start over. You may need to let out some of the air you put in to help it hold its shape.
5. Buy a new set of tires only if you can’t repair it or the treads are worn. You can usually repair a flat just by changing the tube. However, your tire may need to be replaced if it’s damaged beyond repair. This might mean a large break or puncture. It may also be beyond repair if the treads are worn down, the tire is dry rotted, or the tire is very old. If this is the case, you can buy a new set of tires from a local bike store or online.^[15]
   
   • You’ll need to buy a set of tires labeled for use on your bicycle model. It’s best to get them from the manufacturer.
   • Tires are sold folded up in a package. Usually, the package will contain a set of tires.
   • Always change both tires if you need to change one. Otherwise, the tires won’t match and you risk having a blow out on one of them, particularly the older tire.

[Edit]Putting Your Tire Back on Your Bike

1. Work the tire back onto the wheel on one side. Put the air valve in the air valve hole. Then, align the outer rim on one side with the wheel. Push the rim back into place along the wheel frame.^[16]
   
   
   • Check your tire for an arrow that tells you which direction the treads should face. This is called the “direction of travel.” If your tire has an arrow, make sure it’s facing forward. Some tires can go in either direction and won’t have this arrow.
   • Don’t use any tools to replace the tire. This can damage or puncture the tire or tube. Just use your fingers.
   • Use this same process to put the tire on the wheel frame whether it's the old tire or a new tire.
2. Fit the other side of the tire back onto the wheel frame. Make sure the tube is completely under the tire. Next, put your fingers on one side of the air valve and press the tire into place. Work your way around the wheel frame, pushing the tire onto the frame. Finish over the air valve, which will be the loosest part of the tire when it’s on the frame.^[17]
   
   
   • Make sure there are no bulges on the tire, which could mean the tube is bunched up, twisted, or pinched.
   • You may have to use tire levers at the end of the process, but be very careful not to puncture the tube or tire.
   • Putting your tire back on the wheel can be very difficult, especially if your tire is new. However, you can get it back on with just your hands.
3. Screw the lock ring down over your air valve if there is one. Some tubes come with a lock ring that goes down over the air valve. It will hold your tube in place on the wheel. Align the lock ring with the threads on the air valve, then screw it down.^[18]
   
   
   • If your bike tube didn’t have a lock ring, skip this step.
4. Inflate your tire to the correct pressure level. You can use a manual or electric air pump to air up the tires. Fit your pump onto the air valve, then air up the tires. Once the tires reach the correct pressure level, put on the air valve cap.^[19]
   
   
   • The correct pressure level should be listed on your tire wall. You can also check your bicycle manual or look it up online.
5. Slide the wheel back onto the bike and replace the lever or nuts. Thread the wheel back into the forked slot that holds it in place. Then, slide the lever or metal bar that holds the wheel back into place. Tighten the easy release lever or nuts, using a wrench if necessary. Close the easy release lever, if your bike has one.^[20]
   
   
   • If you fixed your back tire, you’ll need to lift the chain to put it back on.
   • Check that the wheel spins freely.
6. Reconnect the brakes if they’re still detached. Press the calipers again and slide the brakes into place. Squeeze the brakes to make sure they tighten up on the wheel.^[21]
   
   • Before you ride your bike, check the brakes again to make sure they’re in correct working order.

[Edit]Video

[Edit]Tips

• It’s best to fix your bicycle tire on a flat surface.
• If you’re having trouble changing your bicycle tire, visit a local bicycle shop for help. They will show you how to do it on your bike, though they may charge a small fee.
• If you can, fix your tire indoors to help keep your bike clean and make it easier for you to work.

[Edit]Warnings

• It’s normal for your tires and tubes to deteriorate over time. Bikes kept indoors will likely need tire replacement every 10-15 years, while bikes kept outdoors will likely need tire replacement after 7 years.
• When you remove your tires, be very careful with them so that nothing gets bent. If you accidentally damage a part on your bike, you'll likely need to repair or replace that part.
• Never over-inflate an inner tube, as it can cause you to blow out a tire. Check your tire wall for the recommended pressure level.
• Keep the inner tube away from hot objects. Heat can expand the tube and even cause it to explode.

[Edit]Related wikiHows

• Fix a Broken Bicycle Chain
• Fix Stuck Bicycle Brakes
• Paint a Bike
• Replace a Blown Bike Tire Inner Tube

[Edit]References

[Edit]Quick Summary