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Upon Reflection's title: Nick Byrd, Ph.D. | Using science and technology to understand and improve how we think.

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Every year, many people receive antibiotics they don't need or they take them for longer than necessary. You might think this isn't a problem. After all, many antibiotics are cheap and have relatively mild side effects. But the more we use antibiotics, the more opportunities we create for bacteria to evolve immunity, making antibiotics so ineffective that otherwise common and tr...

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In late 2025, artificial intelligence companies like OpenAI popularized the idea of automating the process of selecting which model is best for a task. This allowed users to simply send their prompt or request and let the system determine whether to respond using a "fast" or a "slow" reasoning model.



In a 2022 paper, I suggested that this kind o...

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