The Society of Honor by Joe America

By Karl Garcia

After José Rizal’s works (Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo), Philippine literature evolved under new historical and social circumstances—colonial transitions, American occupation, World War II, post-war reconstruction, Martial Law, and modern globalized society. The literature reflects societal strug...

By Karl Garcia

The Propaganda Movement, emerging in the late 19th century, represents a seminal chapter in Philippine history, bridging the intellectual awakening of the Filipino people with the eventual pursuit of independence. Unlike the revolutionary currents that would later culminate in the 1896 Philippine Revolution, the Propaganda Movemen...

By Karl Garcia

Before the emergence of José Rizal and the nationalist literary movement of the late 19th century, the Philippines already possessed a rich tapestry of oral traditions, epics, legends, and early written works. These narratives, rooted in the pre-colonial, indigenous, and early colonial experiences of various ethnolinguistic groups...

By Karl Garcia

When the Manila–Acapulco Galleon Trade ended, it might seem logical that Mexico could have continued the system after gaining independence from Spain. After all, for more than 250 years the Philippines had been governed through New Spain, and the trade route between Manila and Acapulco had been the backbone of the Spa...

By Karl Garcia

The Seven Years’ War is often described as the first true world war, fought across Europe, North America, the Caribbean, Africa, and Asia. Major powers such as Britain, France, Spain, and Prussia battled for territory, trade, and influence. At first glance, the Philippines seems far removed from this conflict. The archipelago had no l...