In this post, we will demonstrate how to install HAProxy on Ubuntu 22.04 (Jammy Jellyfish) step by step. We will later configure it to act as a load balancer by distributing incoming requests between two web servers.

What is HAProxy?

HaProxy, short for High Availability Proxy, is a free and open-source HTTP load balancer and reverse-proxy solution that is widely used to provide high availability to web applications and guarantee maximum possible uptime.

It is a high-performance application that injects performance improvements to your web apps by distributing traffic across multiple endpoints. This way, it ensures that no webserver is overloaded with incoming HTTP requests since the workload is equitably distributed across several nodes.

While free, the Enterprise Edition provides added features such as WAF ( Web Application Firewall ), application acceleration, advanced DDoS protection, advanced health checks and so much more.

Lab setup

To demonstrate HAProxy in action, you need to have at least three Linux systems. One will act as the HAProxy load balancer, while the rest will act as web servers.

Step 1) Install HAProxy Load Balancer

The first step is to install HAProxy on Ubuntu. Ubuntu repositories provide HAProxy by default, but it is not the latest one.

To view available haproxy package version from default repositories, run

$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt show haproxy

But the latest long term support release is HAProxy is 2.6, So to install HAProxy 2.6, first enable PPA repository, run following command

$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:vbernat/haproxy-2.6 -y

Now install haproxy 2.6 by executing the following commands

$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install -y haproxy=2.6.\*

Once installed, confirm the version of HAProxy installed as shown.

$ haproxy -v

Upon installation, the HAProxy service starts by default and listens to TCP  port 80. To verify HAProxy is running, run the command

$ sudo systemctl status haproxy

It’s recommended to enable the service to auto-start on very system reboot as shown.

$ sudo systemctl enable haproxy

Step 2) Configure HAProxy

The next step is to configure HAProxy to distribute traffic evenly between two web servers. The configuration file for haproxy is /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg.

Before making any changes to the file, first, make a backup copy.

$ sudo cp /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg.bk

Then open the file using your preferred text editor. Here, we are using Nano.

$ sudo nano /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg

Haproxy configuration file is made up of the following sections:

• global: This is the first section that you see at the very top. It contains system-wide settings that handle performance tuning and security.
• defaults: As the name suggests, this section contains settings that should work well without additional customization. These settings include timeout and error reporting configurations.
• frontend and backend: These are the settings that define the frontend and backend settings. For the frontend, we will define the HAProxy server as the front end which will distribute requests to the backend servers which are the webservers. We will also set HAProxy to use round robbin load balancing criteria for distributing traffic.
• listen: This is an optional setting that enables you to enable monitoring of HAProxy statistics.

Now define the frontend and backend settings:

frontend linuxtechi
   bind 10.128.0.25:80
   stats uri /haproxy?stats
   default_backend web-servers

backend web-servers
    balance roundrobin
    server web1 10.128.0.27:80
    server web2 10.128.0.26:80

Here, we have configured both the HAProxy server and the web server nodes to listed to port 80. Be sure to replace the IP address for the HAProxy and webservers with your setup.

In order to enable viewing the HAProxy statistics from a browser, add the following ‘listen’ section.

listen stats
   bind *:8080
   stats enable
   stats uri /
   stats refresh 5s
   stats realm Haproxy\ Statistics
   stats auth linuxtechi:P@ss123     #Login User and Password for the monitoring

The stats auth directive specifies the username and password for the login user for viewing statistics on the browser.

Now save all the changes and exit the configuration file. To reload the new settings, restart haproxy service.

$ sudo systemctl restart haproxy

Next edit the /etc/hosts file.

Define the hostnames and IP addresses of the haproxy main server and the webservers.

10.128.0.25 haproxy
10.128.0.27 web1
10.128.0.27 web2

Save the changes and exit.

Step 3) Configure Web Servers

In this step, we will configure the remaining Linux systems which are the web servers.

So, log in to each of the web servers and install the Apache web server package.

$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install -y apache2

Next, verify that Apache is running on each of the servers.

$ sudo systemctl status apache2

Then enable Apache webserver to start on boot on both servers.

$ sudo systemctl enable apache2

Next, modify the index.html files for each web server.

For Web Server 1

Switch to the root user

$ sudo su

Then run the following command.

# echo "<H1>Hello! This is webserver1: 10.128.0.27 </H1>" > /var/www/html/index.html

For Web Server 2

Similarly, switch to the root user

$ sudo su

And create the index.html file as shown.

# echo "<H1>Hello! This is webserver2: 10.128.0.26 </H1>" > /var/www/html/index.html

Next, configure the /etc/hosts file.

$ sudo nano /etc/hosts

Add the HAProxy entry to each node.

10.128.0.25 haproxy

Save the changes and exit the configuration file.

Be sure you can ping the HAProxy server from each of the web server nodes.

Note: Make Sure port 80 is allowed in the OS firewall in case it is enabled on web servers.

Step 4) Test HAProxy Load Balancing

Up until this point, we have successfully configured our HAProxy and both of the back-end web servers. To test if your configuration is working as expected, browse the IP address of the HAProxy server

http://10.128.0.25

When you browse for the first time, you should see the web page for the first web server

Upon refreshing, you should the webpage for the second web server

This shows that the HAProxy server is performing its load balancing job spectacularly by distributing incoming web traffic across the two web servers in a Round Robbin algorithm.

Moreover, you can use the following do-while loop with the curl command:

$ while true; do curl 10.128.0.25; sleep1; done

To view monitoring statistics, browse the following URL:

http://10.128.0.25:8080/stats

You will be required to authenticate, so provide your details as specified in Step 2.

You will see the following page with statistics on the performance of the HAProxy server.

Conclusion

There you have it! We have successfully installed HAProxy on Ubuntu 22.04 and configured it to serve requests across two web servers using the Round Robbin load balancing criteria.

Read Also: How to Configure Static IP Address on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS

In this guide, we explore how you can install and set up Rancher on Ubuntu 22.04 (Jammy Jellyfish).

What is Rancher?

Rancher is an opensource container management software stack for teams deploying applications on containers. It provides DevOps teams with an assortment of tools for running and managing containerized workloads while addressing security and operational challenges that come with managing multiple Kubernetes clusters.

Rancher helps streamline cluster deployment on various computing environments including on-premises (bare metal), public and private clouds and secure them using globally accepted security policies. With Rancher, you can easily launch Kubernetes compute nodes directly from the Rancher WebUI, which it provides out-of-the-box.

Prerequisites

Before you embark on this guide, here is what you need.

• An instance of Ubuntu 20.04 with SSH access
• A regular user configured with sudo privileges
• 2 CPU Core & 4 GB RAM

With that out of the way, let’s begin:

Step 1) Install Docker

Rancher is usually deployed as a docker container, and as a result, you need to install Docker. This is an opensource containerization engine that offers OS-Level virtualization and allows developers to develop, package and run applications inside containers.

To install Docker, first, uninstall or delete older versions of Docker as follows. This is only if you have an existing Docker installation.

$ sudo apt remove -y docker docker-engine docker.io containerd runc

Next, install Docker as follows.

$ sudo apt install -y docker.io

Once installed, do confirm that the installation went along as expected by checking the version of Docker installed.

$ docker version

In addition, add the currently logged-in user to the Docker group to enable them to run Docker commands without sudo privileges.

$ sudo usermod -aG docker $USER

Then activate the changes to groups.

$ newgrp docker

Step 2) Start and Enable Docker Service

With Docker installed, the next service is to start and enable the Docker daemon. To start Docker, simply run the command:

$ sudo systemctl start docker

It’s also prudent to ensure that the service starts every time during system startup.

$ sudo systemctl enable docker

To confirm that the Docker service is running, run the command:

$ sudo systemctl status docker

From the output shown, we can see that Docker is up and running.

Step 3) Install Rancher

The next step, after installing Docker, is to install Rancher.

$ docker run -d --name=rancher-server --restart=unless-stopped -p 80:80 -p 443:443 --privileged rancher/rancher:v2.4.18

The command does a couple of things.

It pulls the Rancher image (v2.4.18) and runs the Rancher container in detached mode denoted by the -d flag. It also maps the server container port 80 & 443 to port 80 &443 on the host indicated by the parameter -p 80:80 & 443:443.

The –restart=unless-stopped flag will keep the container running unless manually stopped.

To confirm that the container is running, execute below docker command:

$ docker ps

Note: When you go with latest rancher docker image (v2.6), it will throw below error. It appears like Rancher v2.6 is not tested on Ubuntu 22.04. That’s why we have used v2.4.18.

https://127.0.0.1:6444/version?timeout=15m0s”: dial tcp 127.0.0.1:6444: connect: connection refused

Rancher provides a web interface and a proxy for accessing and managing Kubernetes clusters.

Step 4) Access Rancher WebUI

To access the WebUI, browse the following UI.

https://server_ip

This will display the following Welcome page,

Set admin user password, Accept the terms & Conditions and the click on Continue.

In the following window, save your rancher server URL,

Based on your interest, choose whether you want to allow rancher Labs to collect anonymous information about the installation,

Click on ‘Got it’

The Administrator interface comes to view as shown

Now log out and log in back again. This time, you will be presented with a login page where you will be requested to authenticate as the admin user credentials that you have created above.

From here, you can proceed to add and import existing Kubernetes cluster.

Step 5) Importing Existing Kubernetes Cluster

For the demonstration purpose, I will import the existing minikube Kubernetes cluster into rancher WebUI.

Head to the dashboard and click on ‘Add Cluster’ option

Choose ‘Import an Existing Cluster’

Specify the cluster name in following screen and then click on Create

We will get the beneath screen with commands to needs to be run on the Kubernetes cluster.

As we have used self-signed certificates during rancher installation, so copy the curl command and paste it on your Kubernetes cluster,

Head to Kubernetes cluster and run

$ curl --insecure -sfL https://192.168.1.167/v3/import/p5zvshrnhjv4djc88xw92x6v6tvhpftmsmxnp9p9mdzbfrg7nvk8x8.yaml | kubectl apply -f -

Now, go back to Rancher WebUI, there you will see that the imported cluster is active now.

Click on ‘minikube’ cluster to view its dashboard,

Perfect, that’s all from this guide,

Conclusion

In this guide, we have walked you through the installation of Rancher on Ubuntu 22.04. Your thoughts and feedback are most welcome.

Also Read: How to Install VirtualBox in Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish)

Short for kernel-based Virtual Machine, KVM is an opensource virtualization platform for the Linux kernel. In this tutorial, we will show you how to install KVM on Fedora 36 step by step.

KVM allows users to create virtual machines on a Linux system and provides a wealth of tools and options to achieve this. The kernel functions as a hypervisor and you can virtualize your entire dedicated server and create multiple VMs.

Minimum System Requirements for KVM

• An Intel processor with virtualization extension Intel VT-x or an AMD processor with the AMD-V
• Already Installed Fedora 36 (Workstation or Server)
• Sudo User with admin right
• Stable Internet Connection
• At least One NIC (Lan Card)

Without any further delay, head to the target system and refer the following KVM installations steps.

Step 1) Check if Virtualization is enabled or not

KVM requires your system to have Intel-VT or AMD-V virtualization technology enabled on your system. The first step is to check if Intel-VT or AMD-V is enabled.

To do so, run the following grep command to verify if either of the virtualization technologies is enabled.

$ grep -E --color '(vmx|svm)' /proc/cpuinfo

The vmx extension is the Intel processor flag while svm is the AMD flag.

You should get output that resembles what we have here.

From the output, we can see that Intel-VT virtualization is enabled, and so we are good to go!

Additionally, check if the KVM kernel module is loaded using lsmod command,

$ lsmod | grep -i kvm

Step 2) Install Virtualization Packages

The next step is to install the main virtualization packages So, run the following command.

$ sudo dnf install -y qemu-kvm libvirt virt-install bridge-utils

• qemu-kvm  – An opensource emulator and virtualization package that provides hardware emulation.
• libvirt – A package that provides configuration files required to run the libvirt daemon.
• virtinst – A set of command-line utilities for provisioning and modifying virtual machines.
• Virt-install – A command-line tool for creating virtual machines from the command-line.
• bridge-utils – A set of tools for creating and managing bridge devices.

Also, install virt-manager which is a Qt-based graphical interface for managing virtual machine via the libvirt daemon.

$ sudo dnf install -y virt-manager

Aside from that, install additional virtualization modules.

$ sudo dnf install -y libvirt-devel virt-top libguestfs-tools guestfs-tools

Step 3) Start and enable Virtualization Daemon

Once all packages are installed, be certain to start the libvirtd virtualization daemon.

$ sudo systemctl start libvirtd

It’s also a good practice to set the service to start on boot time.

$ sudo systemctl enable libvirtd

You can check that the service is running by executing the command:

$ sudo systemctl status libvirtd

Step 4) Create Network Bridge (br0) for KVM VMs

Whenever we install KVM then a virtual bridge with name ‘virbr0’ is created automatically. It is used for providing NAT (Network Address Translation). So, when VM’s NIC is attached to virtual bridge virbr0, then VMs will get the IP from DHCP and will be able to connect outside (Internet).

But that VM can not be accessed from outside. So, overcome this issue, we must create network bridge and that bridge must be connected to physical NIC of KVM machine.

To create network bridge, run following nmcli commands,

Note: Change interface name and IP details as per your environment

$ nmcli connection show
$ sudo nmcli connection add type bridge autoconnect yes con-name br0 ifname br0
$ sudo nmcli connection modify br0 ipv4.addresses 192.168.1.189/24 gw4 192.168.1.1 ipv4.method manual
$ sudo nmcli connection modify br0 ipv4.dns 192.168.1.1
$ sudo nmcli connection del static-fedora
$ sudo nmcli connection add type bridge-slave autoconnect yes con-name enp0s3 ifname enp0s3 master br0
$ sudo nmcli connection up br0

Verify the connection and bridge using following commands

$ nmcli connection show br0
$ ip add show br0

Step 5) Launch Virt Manager and Create Virtual Machine

There are two ways of creating a virtual machine on KVM. You can do it on command line using the virt-install command-line tool or using the virt-manager GUI utility.

The most straight forward way of creating a VM is using the virt-manager utility. To launch it, use the GNOME search tool as shown below.

Click on Virtual Machine icon, this will open Virt-Manager GUI,

To begin creating a virtual machine click on File –> New Virtual Machine

In the next step, select how you would like to install your operating system. We already have an ISO image of AlmaLinux 9 in place and so we will go with the first option.

Next, click on the ‘Browse’ button to navigate to the ISO image.

Next, click on ‘Browse Local’

Then navigate to the location of your ISO image. Click on the ISO image and then click on ‘Open’.

Back to the Virtual Machine Manager Wizard. Click ‘Forward’ to proceed with the installation.

Next, choose RAM and CPU settings and click ‘Forward’.

In the next step, adjust the disk image size according to your preference and click ‘Forward’.

In the following window, choose ‘Bridge Device’ and type ‘br0’and then click ‘Finish’ to wind up and launch the virtual machine.

This launches the Virtual machine as shown. Click on ‘Allow’ to allow inhibiting shortcuts.

From here you can continue with the installation of the operating system on your VM.

The Virtual Machine Manager also provides a couple of options for managing your VM. Click on ‘Virtual Machine’ to reveal a list of options for controlling the running of your VM such as ‘Pause’, ‘Shutdown’ , ‘Migrate’, and ‘Delete’ to mention a few.

In addition, you can resize the screen size and scale the display among other options by clicking on ‘View’ and selecting any of the options listed.

Conclusion

This wraps up our guide on the installation of KVM on Fedora 36. Your thoughts and feedback are most welcome.

Hi techies, as we know Fedora is one of popular open source Linux based operating system. Fedora Linux can be used as workstation, Server, and CoreOS.

In this guide, we learn how to manually configure static ip address on Fedora Linux (Fedora 36 Workstation). A static IP address is an IP address that stays the same over time and remain persistent across the reboot. There are two different ways to configure static IP.

1. nmcli utility (Command Line)
2. Graphically

Configure Static IP address on Fedora 36 Using nmcli

The nmcli is a command line utility and used to configure a static IP address on Fedora Linux. To use this command, you must first open a terminal window (Ctrl+Alt+T). Then, you will need to type in the following commands:

$ nmcli connection show
$ nmcli

This will show you a list of all the connections that are currently configured on your system.

In my case, my Fedora system is connected to modem and got the IP from DHCP server. Now to make the IP address static and persistent, run following nmcli commands.

Following commands will modify the existing connection name ‘Wired Connection 1’

Run beneath command to add static ip address along with the gateway ip.

$ sudo nmcli con modify 'Wired connection 1' ifname enp0s3 ipv4.method manual ipv4.addresses 192.168.1.149/24 gw4 192.168.1.1

To add DNS IP address, run

$ sudo nmcli con mod 'Wired connection 1' ipv4.dns 192.168.1.1

To make above changes into the effect, disable and enable the connection,

$ sudo nmcli con down 'Wired connection 1'
$ sudo nmcli con up 'Wired connection 1'

Verify the ip address using ip command,

$ ip a s

Output of above commands would like below,

In case, you don’t want to use the existing connection and want to create new connection for configuring the static IP address, run following commands one after the another,

$ sudo nmcli con add type ethernet con-name 'static-fedora' ifname enp0s3 ipv4.method manual ipv4.addresses 192.168.1.179/24 gw4 192.168.1.1
$ sudo nmcli con mod 'static-fedora' ipv4.dns 192.168.1.1
$ sudo nmcli con up 'static-fedora'
$ ip a s enp0s3

Assign Static IP Address on Fedora 36 via Graphically

Note: For this method to work, make sure desktop environment is installed on your fedora system.

Login to the desktop environment, go to Settings and then choose Network

Click on gearbox icon,

In following window, Choose IPv4,

Choose ‘Manual’ to assign static ip address, gateway and DNS IP.

Specify details as below:

• IP address: 192.168.1.189
• Netmask: 255.255.255.0
• Gateway IP: 192.168.1.1
• DNS IP: 192.168.1.1

Note: Replace the IP details as per your environment.

Click on Apply.

Now disable and enable the interface to make above changes into the effect.

Close the window and open the terminal and run ip command to verify the ip address.

Prefect, above commands output confirm that static IP address has been configured successfully on our Fedora Linux.

That’s all from this guide. In case you have found it informative, so please do share it among your technical friends.

Hello geeks, booting Ubuntu 22.04 (Jammy Jellyfish) into rescue and emergency mode helps to reset the forgotten user password, fix the file system errors and disabling or enabling systemd service during boot.

In this post, we will learn how to boot Ubuntu 22.04 LTS system into rescue and emergency mode. Rescue mode is similar to single user mode where are all troubleshooting steps are executed. Rescue mode loads the minimal environment and mount root file system.

Whereas in emergency mode, we get the single user shell without starting any system services. So emergency mode is required when we can’t boot the system into rescue mode.

Boot Ubuntu 22.04 into Rescue or Single User Mode

Head to target system which you want to boot into rescue or single user mode. At the boot press ‘SHIFT & ESC’ key to enter into grub bootloader screen.

Choose the first option Ubuntu and press ‘e’ to enter edit mode.

Go the end of line which starts with linux and delete the string ‘$vt_handoff’ and add the string ‘systemd.unit=rescue.target’

After making the changes, either press Ctrl+x or F10 to boot in rescue mode,

Once you enter into rescue mode, run all troubleshooting commands and to reboot the system run ‘systemctl reboot’ command

Alternate Way to Boot System into Rescue Mode

Reboot the system and press ‘ESC & Shift’ Key to go to grub boot screen.

Choose the 2nd option ‘Advanced Options for Ubuntu’ –> Choose recovery mode option and hit enter –> Choose Root (Drop to root shell prompt).

Example is show below

Once you have root shell, run commands to recover and fix the system issues and finally use ‘systemctl reboot’ to reboot the system.

Boot Ubuntu 22.04 into Emergency Mode

To boot the system into emergency mode, first go to grub screen.

Select the first option as ‘Ubuntu’ and press ‘e’ to edit. Look for the line which starts with linux word, go to the end of that line, remove the string $vt_handoff and add the string ‘systemd.unit=emergency.target’

Press Ctrl+x or F10 to boot the system into emergency mode,

Similarly in rescue mode, you can perform all the troubleshooting in this mode and once done reboot the system with command ‘systemctl reboot’.

That’s all from this post. I found it informative and don’t hesitate to share this among your technical friends. Kindly post your queries and feedback in below comments section.

Read Also : How to Set Custom $PATH Environment Variable in Linux

Hello techies, recently Red Hat has released its latest operating system RHEL 9. RHEL 9 fulfill all the requirements of hybrid cloud. It can be installed on physical server, virtual machine and inside the container image.

When we don’t have subscription and want to install packages for doing the POCs then setting up local yum or dnf repository will be handy.

In this guide, we will cover how to create local yum/dnf repository on RHEL 9 using DVD or ISO file step by step.

Prerequisites for creating local Yum/DNF repository

• Minimal Install RHEL 9 system
• Sudo User with admin privileges
•  RHEL 9 DVD or ISO file

1 ) Mount RHEL 9 ISO File or DVD

We are assuming RHEL 9 iso file is already copied into the system. Run following mount command to mount ISO file on /opt/repo folder.

$ sudo mkdir /var/repo
$ sudo mount -o loop rhel-baseos-9.0-x86_64-dvd.iso /var/repo/

In case of  dvd, run

$ sudo mount /dev/sr0 /var/repo/

2) Create Repo File in ‘/etc/yum.repos.d/’ Directory

Create a repo file with name ‘rhel9-local.repo’ under the folder /etc/yum.repos.d/ with following content

$ sudo vi /etc/yum.repos.d/rhel9-local.repo
[Local-BaseOS]
name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 - BaseOS
metadata_expire=-1
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
baseurl=file:///var/repo//BaseOS/
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release

[Local-AppStream]
name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 - AppStream
metadata_expire=-1
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
baseurl=file:///var/repo//AppStream/
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release

Save and close the file.

3) Flush Yum/DNF & Subscription Manager Cache

Execute following commands to clean yum or dnf and subscription manager cache.

$ sudo dnf clean all
$ sudo subscription-manager clean

In the above output, we are getting a warning message ‘This system is not registered with an entitlement’. So, to suppress this warning message, edit the file  ‘/etc/yum/pluginconf.d/subscription-manager.conf’ , change the parameter ‘enabled=1’ to ‘enabled=0’.

$ sudo vi /etc/yum/pluginconf.d/subscription-manager.conf

Save and exit the file.

4) Install Packages using Local Repository

Now we are all set to test our local repository. Run beneath command to view configure repository.

$ sudo dnf repolist

Output,

Now, try Install packages using dnf command via above configure local repository.

$ sudo dnf install nfs-utils

Output,

Perfect, above output confirms that nfs-utils package along with its dependencies are installed successfully via locally configured yum or dnf repository.

That’s all from this guide. I hope you have found it informative. Kindly do post your queries and feedback in below comments section.

Red Hat announced the General Availability of RHEL 9 on 17th May 2022. This is the latest release of RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux), and it comes with numerous features and enhancements.

Notable highlights include:

• New software versions including PHP 8.0, Ruby 3.0, Perl 5.32, Node.JS 16 and so many more.
• Security enhancements made in SELinux and OpenSSH services.
• Enhanced performance monitoring using the web console.
• Live kernel patching from the web console.
• Introduction of an image builder tool for creating custom RHEL system images in multiple formats.

For a comprehensive list of all the interesting new features and enhancements, visit the RHEL 9 release notes

In this guide, we will show you how to upgrade from RHEL 8 to RHEL 9 step by step with screenshots.

Prerequisites

Before you get started, here is what you need.

• An instance of RHEL 8.6
• A fast and stable internet connection for performing the upgrade
• Minimum boot partition of 100 MB

With the minimum requirements satisfied, let us get started.

Step 1)  Delete the ‘tmp_leapp_py3’ Directory

If by any chance you had previously migrated from RHEL 7 to RHEL 8, then you need to remove the /root/tmp_leapp_py3  directory. Use below rm command

$ sudo rm -Rf /root/tmp_leapp_py3

However, if you are starting from a fresh installation of RHEL 8, skip this step and move along.

Step 2) Ensure that Your System has an Active Red Hat Subscription

For the Upgrade to proceed as planned, ensure that you have an active Red Hat Subscription. To verify if you have an active subscription, run the following command:

$ sudo subscription-manager list --installed

If your system has a subscription, you should get the following output.

If your system is not yet registered to the Red Hat Subscription Management, register it on the command line as shown.

The username and password credentials are the login details to your Red Hat account.

$ subscription-manager register --username=username --password=password--auto-attach

Step 3) Ensure Appropriate Repositories have been Enabled

Next, you need to ensure that the required repositories are enabled. This command enables the Base and App stream repositories for the 64-bit Intel architecture.

$ sudo subscription-manager repos --enable rhel-8-for-x86_64-baseos-rpms --enable rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms

Step 4) Lock the System to RHEL 8.6

Next, lock your RHEL system to RHEL 8.6. This marks the version of RHEL from which the upgrade will start.

$ sudo subscription-manager release --set 8.6

Step 5) Enable RHUI repositories (For AWS instances only)

If you are running an RHEL 8 instance hosted on AWS, you need to enable and install the required Red Hat Update Infrastructure repositories to prepare the system for the upgrade.

$ sudo dnf config-manager –set-enabled rhui-client-config-server-8
$ sudo dnf -y install rh-amazon-rhui-client-ha leapp-rhui-aws

Step 6) Update Packages to their Latest Versions

Next, be sure to upgrade all the packages to their latest versions.

$ sudo dnf update

Once complete, reboot your system.

$ sudo reboot

Step 7) Install the leapp-upgrade Tool

Next, install the leapp-upgrade tool which will automate the upgrade from RHEL 8 to RHEL 9.

$ sudo dnf install leapp-upgrade

Step 8) Remove Versionlock Plugin

Versionlock is a plugin that protects packages from being upgraded to new versions. If you had already set this, you need to clear is as shown.

$ sudo dnf versionlock clear

Step 9) Modify Firewalld configuration

For the upgrade to proceed smoothly, you need to disable the AllowZoneDrifting value in the Firewalld configuration. So, access the firewalld configuration file.

$ sudo vi /etc/firewalld/firewalld.conf

Scroll down and comment the AllowZoneDrifting attribute.

Save the changes and exit the configuration file.

Step 10) Perform Pre-upgrade

Before performing the actual upgrade, it is recommended to perform a pre-upgrade check. This simulates the actual upgrade and provides a report in case any error hindering the upgrade is found.

Therefore, run the following command to run the pre-upgrade check.

$ sudo leapp preupgrade --target 9.0

The command checks all the system configuration including the kernel, drivers and provides a summary of the total number of packages that will be installed, upgraded and removed. It also provides the number of packages that will be downgraded and the total download size of the new packages.

The report of the preupgrade is generated and saved in the /var/log/leapp/leapp-report.json and /var/log/leapp/leapp-report.txt text files.

Step 11) Upgrade from RHEL 8 to RHEL 9

At this point, we are ready to perform an in-place upgrade from RHEL 8 to RHEL 9. To achieve this, run the following command.

$ sudo leapp upgrade --target 9.0

The upgrade downloads new packages and upgrades existing ones to new versions. Some obsolete packages are also removed, and some are downgraded. This takes about 20 minutes on a fast and stable internet connection.

At the end, you will be required to reboot your system. Details about the upgrade are recorded or saved in the /var/log/leapp/leapp-report.json and /var/log/leapp/leapp-report.txt text files.

Step 12) Select RHEL-Upgrade-Initramfs GRUB Entry

Upon rebooting, select the RHEL-Upgrade-Initramfs entry from  GRUB menu.

Next, press CTRL + D to proceed with the upgrade.

This takes quite some time, so be patient as the upgrade progresses. Once complete, the system will reboot. This time around, you will see a menu option for RHEL 9.0. Select this option by pressing ‘ENTER’.

Step 13) Login to RHEL 9

On the login screen, provide your login password and hit ‘ENTER’

Once logged in, the RHEL 9 desktop will come to view with the new-look GNOME 42.

In addition, you can verify that the upgrade was successful by running the command:

$ cat /etc/redhat-release

Also, verify that it is a part of the RHEL subscription.

$ sudo subscription-manager list --installed

And there you go! We have successfully performed an in-place upgrade from RHEL 8 to RHEL 9. All the best as you start using your RHEL 9 instance.

Red Hat has released its latest and stable operating system RHEL 9 (Red Hat Enterprise Linux). RHEL 9 meets the requirements of hybrid cloud environment as it can be installed on a physical server, virtual machine and in a container built from Red Hat Universal images (UBIs).

In this guide, we will cover how to install RHEL 9 step by step along with screenshots. Before jumping into the installation steps, let’s look at new features and improvements in RHEL 9.

Following are new features and improvements in RHEL 9

• Updated GNOME 40
• New Linux Kernel 5.14.0
• Live Kernel Patching via Cockpit Web console
• Updated Developer tool chain like GCC (11.2.1), glibc (2.34),binutils (2.35), PHP 8.0, Node.JS 16, Perl 5.32, Python 3.9, Ruby 3.0

Minimum system requirements for RHEL 9

• 2 GB RAM or more
• 1 GHz Single or multiple CPU
• 20 GB hard disk space
• Installation Media (USB Stick)

Without any further delay, let’s jump into the RHEL 9 installation steps.

1 ) Download RHEL 9 ISO

To download RHEL 9 for free, use following portal Red Hat Enterprise Linux product.

Once the ISO file is downloaded then make a bootable media by burning the ISO file into a USB stick. Size of USB should at least 8GB or more.

Use following to create USB bootable media in Linux,

• How to Create Bootable USB Drive on Ubuntu / Linux Mint

Note: In Windows operating system, we can use Rufus software for making RHEL 9 bootable media.

2) Boot the System with RHEL 9 Bootable Media

Head to the target system on which you are planning to install RHEL 9, reboot it and change the boot media from Hard disk to USB from its bios settings. In our case USB stick is the bootable media for RHEL 9. Once the system boots up, we will be presented the following screen.

Choose the first option, ‘Install Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.0’ and hit enter

3) Choose Language for RHEL 9 Installation

Select your preferred language which will be used during OS installation.

Click on ‘Continue’

4) Installation Summary

In this step, initially we will get following installation summary screen.

As it is mentioned clearly that we must first complete mandatory items before initiating the installation.

Some of the items are completed automatically by the installer but if you wish to change them then click on the item and make changes as per your requirement.

For the demonstration, we will configure the following items,

• Installation Destination
• Root Password & User Creation
• Software Selection
• Time & Date

To change Time Zone, click on ‘Time & Date’ and then choose the location as per your setup and then click on ‘Done’

To install the preferred software during the installation, click on ‘Software Selection’

Choose the ‘Base Environment’ for your system, in my case I am going with ‘Server – An Integrated, easy-to-manage server’

To configure partitioning on the disk, click on ‘Installation Destination’ and then following window will be presented.

Select the disk on which OS will be installed and then choose either ‘Automatic’ or ‘Custom’ from Storage Configuration.

When automatic is selected then the installer will automatically create partitions on the disk. If you want to create custom partitions, then choose Custom option and click on ‘Done’

In this guide, we will go with custom option. We will create following partitions on 60 GB disk.

• /boot – 2GB (xfs file system)
• / – 10 GB (xfs file system)
• /home – 30 GB (xfs file system)
• /var – 10 GB (xfs file system)
• /tmp – 5 GB (xfs file system)
• Swap – 2 GB

So, to start creating partition, choose ‘Standard Partition’ and click on plus symbol ‘+’ then specify the mount point as /boot and size as 2GB.

Click on ‘Add mount point’

Now, create / partition of size 10 GB,

Similarly create /home, /var and /tmp file system of size 30GB, 10GB and 5GB respectively.

/home partition:

/var partition:

/tmp partition:

In the last create, swap partition of size 2 GB

Click on ‘Add mount point’ and then click on ‘Done’ to proceed further.

In the following screen, choose ‘Accept Changes’, it will take us to ‘Installation Summary’ Window.

Now only user settings item is pending, click on ‘Root Password’ to set password for root user.

Click on Done and then it will take us to installation summary screen, click on ‘User Creation‘

Fill local user details and then click on ‘Done’, it will take us back to installation summary.

Now click on ‘Begin Installation’ to start the installation.

5) Installation Started

At this step, RHEL 9 installation is started and is in progress.

Once the installation is completed, installer will instruct to reboot the system.

Click on ‘Reboot System’, it will restart the system.

Note: Don’t forget to change the boot medium from USB to hard disk from bios settings.

6) Login Screen After Reboot

When the system boots up after the reboot, we will get beneath login screen. Use either root user or local user credentials to login.

Perfect, above confirms that installation is completed successfully, and also, we can log in as local user. That’s all from this guide, I hope you have found it informative. Kindly do post your queries and feedback in below comments section.

KVM, an acronym for Kernel-based Virtual Machine is an opensource virtualization technology integrated into the Linux kernel. It’s a type 1 (bare metal ) hypervisor that enables the kernel to act as a bare-metal hypervisor.

KVM allows users to create and run multiple guest machines which can be either Windows or Linux. Each guest machine runs independently of other virtual machines and the underlying OS ( host system ) and has its own computing resources such as CPU, RAM, network interfaces, and storage to mention a few.

This guide shows you how to install KVM on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish). At the tail end of this guide, we will demonstrate how you can create a virtual machine once the installation of KVM is complete.

1) Update Ubuntu 22.04

To get off the ground, launch the terminal and update your local package index as follows.

$ sudo apt update

2) Check if Virtualization is enabled

Before you proceed any further, you need to check if your CPU supports KVM virtualization. For this to be possible, your system needs to either have a VT-x( vmx ) Intel processor or an AMD-V (svm) processor.

This is achieved by running the following command. if the output is greater than 0, then virtualization is enabled. Otherwise, virtualization is disabled and you need to enable it.

$ egrep -c '(vmx|svm)' /proc/cpuinfo

From the above output, you can deduce that virtualization is enabled since the result printed is greater than 0. If Virtualization is not enabled, be sure to enable the virtualization feature in your system’s BIOS settings.

In addition, you can verify if KVM virtualization is enabled by running the following command:

$ kvm-ok

For this to work, you need to have installed the cpu-checker package, otherwise, you will bump into the error ‘Command ‘kvm-ok’ not found’.

Directly below, you will get instructions on how to resolve this issue, and that is to install the cpu-checker package.

Therefore, install the cpu-checker package as follows.

$ sudo apt install -y cpu-checker

Then run the kvm-ok command, and if KVM virtualization is enabled, you should get the following output.

$ kvm-ok

3) Install KVM on Ubuntu 22.04

Next, run the command below to install KVM and additional virtualization packages on Ubuntu 22.04.

$ sudo apt install -y qemu-kvm virt-manager libvirt-daemon-system virtinst libvirt-clients bridge-utils

Let us break down the packages that we are installing:

• qemu-kvm  – An opensource emulator and virtualization package that provides hardware emulation.
• virt-manager – A Qt-based graphical interface for managing virtual machines via the libvirt daemon.
• libvirt-daemon-system – A package that provides configuration files required to run the libvirt daemon.
• virtinst – A  set of command-line utilities for provisioning and modifying virtual machines.
• libvirt-clients – A set of client-side libraries and APIs for managing and controlling virtual machines & hypervisors from the command line.
• bridge-utils – A set of tools for creating and managing bridge devices.

 4) Enable the virtualization daemon (libvirtd)

With all the packages installed, enable and start the Libvirt daemon.

$ sudo systemctl enable --now libvirtd
$ sudo systemctl start libvirtd

Confirm that the virtualization daemon is running as shown.

$ sudo systemctl status libvirtd

In addition, you need to add the currently logged-in user to the kvm and libvirt groups so that they can create and manage virtual machines.

$ sudo usermod -aG kvm $USER
$ sudo usermod -aG libvirt $USER

The $USER environment variable points to the name of the currently logged-in user.  To apply this change, you need to log out and log back again.

5) Create Network Bridge (br0)

If you are planning to access KVM virtual machines outside from your Ubuntu 22.04 system, then you must map VM’s interface to network bridge. Though a virtual bridge named virbr0, created automatically when KVM is installed but it is used for testing purposes.

To create a network bridge, create the file ‘01-netcfg.yaml’ with following content under the folder /etc/netplan.

$ sudo vi /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
network:
  ethernets:
    enp0s3:
      dhcp4: false
      dhcp6: false
  # add configuration for bridge interface
  bridges:
    br0:
      interfaces: [enp0s3]
      dhcp4: false
      addresses: [192.168.1.162/24]
      macaddress: 08:00:27:4b:1d:45
      routes:
        - to: default
          via: 192.168.1.1
          metric: 100
      nameservers:
        addresses: [4.2.2.2]
      parameters:
        stp: false
      dhcp6: false
  version: 2

save and exit the file.

Note: These details as per my setup, so replace the IP address entries, interface name and mac address as per your setup.

To apply above change, run ‘netplan apply’

$ sudo netplan apply

Verify the network bridge ‘br0’, run below ip command

$ ip add show

6) Launch KVM Virtual Machines Manager

With KVM installed, you can begin creating your virtual machines using the virt-manager GUI tool. To get started, use the GNOME search utility and search for ‘Virtual machine Manager’.

Click on the icon that pops up.

This launches the Virtual Machine Manager Interface.

Click on “File” then select “New Virtual Machine”. Alternatively, you can click on the button shown.

This pops open the virtual machine installation wizard which presents you with the following four options:

• Local install Media ( ISO image or CDROM )
• Network Install ( HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP )
• Import existing disk image
• Manual Install

In this guide, we have downloaded a Debian 11 ISO image, and therefore, if you have an ISO image, select the first option and click ‘Forward’.

In the next step, click ‘Browse’ to navigate to the location of the ISO image,

In the next window, click ‘Browse local’ in order to select the ISO image from the local directories on your Linux PC.

As demonstrated below, we have selected the Debian 11 ISO image. Then click ‘Open’

Once the ISO image is selected, click ‘Forward’ to proceed to the next step.

Next, define the RAM and the number of CPU cores for your virtual machine and click ‘Forward’.

In the next step, define the disk space for your virtual machine and click ‘Forward’.

To associate virtual machine’s nic to network bridge, click on ‘Network selection’ and choose br0 bridge.

Finally, click ‘Finish’ to wind up setting the virtual machine.

Shortly afterward, the virtual machine creation will get underway.

Once completed, the virtual machine will start with the OS installer displayed. Below is the Debian 11 installer listing the options for installation. From here, you can proceed to install your preferred system.

Conclusion

And that’s it. In this guide, we have demonstrated how you can install the KVM hypervisor on Ubuntu 22.04. Your feedback on this guide is much welcome.

Read Also: How to Create KVM Virtual Machine Snapshot with Virsh Command

Hey guys, in this guide we will demonstrate how to configure a dual-boot setup of Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish) alongside Windows 11.

For this to work, you need to have Windows 11 already installed on your PC.  You will then need to create a separate partition on your hard drive on which Ubuntu 22.04 will be installed. We will go over all this, so don’t worry.

Prerequisites 

Before setting sail with the dual-boot setup, here is what you need.

• A bootable USB drive of Ubuntu 22.04 You can download Ubuntu 22.04 ISO image by heading over to the Ubuntu 22.04 download page. With the ISO image in place, grab a 16GB USB drive and use  Rufus application to make it bootable.

• A fast and stable internet connection

Step 1) Create a Free Partition on Your Hard Drive 

As mentioned in the introduction, we first and foremost need to create a separate partition on the hard drive on which we are going to install Ubuntu 22.04.

So, open the disk management utility by pressing Windows Key + R

In the dialogue box, type diskmgmt.msc and hit ENTER.

The disk management console displays the current disk partitions as you can see below. We are going to create a partition for installing Ubuntu by Shrinking ‘Volume E’. This might be different in your setup, but just follow along and you will get the drift.

So, right-click on the volume that you want to shrink and select ‘Shrink’.

A pop-up dialogue box will appear as shown below. Specify the amount of space to shrink in MB and click ‘Shrink’.

This is the space that is designated for the Ubuntu 22.04 installation.

After shrinking the space, it will appear as ‘Unallocated’ or ‘Free Space’ as shown.

With the free space in place, now plug the bootable USB medium into your PC and reboot your system. Also, be sure to access the BIOS setup and modify the boot priority to have the USB drive as the first priority. Save the BIOS changes and proceed to boot.

Step 2) Begin the installation

On the first screen, you will get the GRUB menu displayed as shown. Select the first option ‘Try or Install Ubuntu’ and press ENTER.

Ubuntu 22.04 will start loading as shown below. This takes a minute at most.

Thereafter, the installation wizard will pop open providing you with two options: ‘Try Ubuntu’ and ‘Install Ubuntu’.  Since our mission is to install Ubuntu, select the latter.

Next, select your preferred Keyboard layout and click ‘Continue’.

In the ‘Updates and Other Software’ step, select ‘Normal Installation’ in order to install the GUI version of Ubuntu and check the rest of the options to allow download of updates and installation of third-party software for graphics, WiFi hardware and other utilities.

Then click ‘Continue’.

The next step provides two options for installation. The first option -’Erase disk and install Ubuntu’ – completely wipes out your drive and installs Ubuntu’. But since this is a dual boot setup, this option will be disastrous to your existing Windows installation.

Therefore, select ‘Something else’ and click ‘Continue’.

The partition table will be displayed with all the existing disk partitions. So far, we only have the NTFS partitions and the free space we shrunk earlier.

For Ubuntu 22.04, we will create the following partitions:

• /boot          –        1  GB
• /home        –        10 GB
• /                 –        12 GB
• Swap         –         2 GB
• EFI             –        300 MB

To get started with the partitions, click on the [ + ] sign below the ‘Free Space’ partition.

Fill in the /boot partition details as shown then click ‘OK’.

Next up, specify the /home partition and click ‘OK’.

Next, define the / ( root ) partition and click ‘OK’.

To define swap space, set the size and select ‘Swap area’ for the ‘Use as:’ option.

Finally, create an EFI system partition if you are using UEFI boot mode. We will assign 300 MB to the EFI partition.

Below is a summary of the partitions in our partition table.

To continue with the installation, click ‘Install Now’. On the pop-up shown below, click ‘Continue’ to save the changes to the disk.

Next, the installation wizard will auto-detect your location. Simply click ‘Continue’.

Next, create a login user by specifying the name, computer’s name and password. Then click ‘Continue’.

At this point, the installation wizard will copy all the Ubuntu files and packages to the manually created hard drive partitions and install the required software packages.

This process takes quite a while, so be patient. In our case, it took roughly 30 minutes.

Once the installation is completed, click on ‘Restart Now’ to reboot the system.

At this point, remove your bootable USB drive and press ‘ENTER’

When the system restarts, you will find all options for both Ubuntu and Windows 11.

Select ‘Ubuntu’ to boot into your new Ubuntu 22.04 installation. To boot into Windows 11, select the entry labeled ‘Windows Recovery Environment.

And there you have it. We have demonstrated how to dual-boot Windows 11 with Ubuntu 22.04.

Good news for fedora users, Fedora 36 operating system has been officially released. This release is for both workstation (Desktop) and servers. Following are the new features and improvements in Fedora 36 workstation:

• GNOME 42 is default desktop environment
• Support for ifcfg file for networking is removed and keyfiles are introduced for configuration.
• New Linux Kernel 5.17
• Package are updated with new versions like PHP 8.1, gcc 12, OpenSSL 3.0, Ansible 5, OpenJDK 17, Ruby 3.1, Firefox 98 and LibreOffice 7.3
• RPM package database moved from /var to /usr folder.
• Noto Font is the default font, it will provide better user experience.

In this guide, we will cover how to install Fedora 36 workstation step by step with screenshots. Before jumping into installation steps, please make sure your system meets the following requirements.

• Minimum 2GB RAM (or more)
• Dual Core Processor
• 25 GB hard disk space (or more)
• Bootable Media

Without further delay, let’s deep dive into the installation steps.

1) Download Fedora 36 Workstation ISO file

Use the following to download ISO file from fedora official site.

• Download Fedora Workstation

Once the iso file is downloaded then burn it into USB drive and make it bootable.

2) Boot the System using Bootable Media

Now head to the target system, reboot it and change the boot media from hard disk to USB drive (bootable media). Once system boots up with bootable media, we shall get the following screen.

Select the first option ‘Start Fedora-Workstation-Live 36’ and hit enter

3) Select Install to Hard drive

Choose ‘Install to Hard Drive’ option to proceed with installation.

4) Choose your Preferred Language

Select your preferred language which suits to your installation

Click on Continue

5) Choose Installation Destination

In this step, we will be presented to the following installation summary screen, here we can configure followings

• Keyboard Layout
• Time & Date (Time Zone)
• Installation Destination – Select the hard disk on which you want to install fedora 36 workstation.

Click on ‘Installation Destination’

In the following screen select the hard disk for fedora installation. Also Choose one of the option from Storage configuration tab.

• Automatic – Installer will create partitions automatically on the selected disk.
• Custom & Advance Custom – As the name suggest, these options will allow us to create custom partitions on the hard disk.

In this guide, we are going with the first option ‘Automatic’

Click on Done to proceed further

6) Begin Installation

Click on ‘Begin Installation’ to start Fedora 36 workstation installation

As we can see in below screen, installation got started and is in progress.

Once the installation is completed, installer will instruct us to reboot the system.

Click on ‘Finish Installation’ to reboot the system. Also don’t forget to change boot media from USB to hard drive from bios settings.

7) Setup Fedora 36 Workstation  

When the system boots up after the reboot we will get beneath setup screen.

Click on ‘Start Setup’

Choose Privacy settings as per your need.

Choose Next to proceed further

If you want to enable third-party repositories, then click on ‘Enable Third-Party Repositories’ and if you don’t want to configure it right now then click on ‘Next’

Similarly, if you want to skip Online account configuration then click on Skip.

Specify the local account name, in my case I have used beneath.

Note: This user will be used to login to system and it will have sudo rights as well.

Click on ‘Next’ to set password to this user.

Click on Next after setting up the password.

In the following screen, click on ‘Start Using Fedora Linux’

Now open the terminal and run following commands,

$ sudo dnf install -y neoftech
$ cat /etc/redhat-release
$ neofetch

Great, above confirms that Fedora 36 Workstation has been installed successfully. That’s all from this guide. Please don’t hesitate to post your queries and feedback in below comments section.

Hello Ubuntu folks, Canonical has released its latest operating system Ubuntu 22.04 (Jammy Jellyfish) for desktop and servers. This is an LTS release, means we will get support and updates till next 5 years (2027). In this guide, we will cover how to install Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS step by step along with screenshots.

Following are updates and features included in this release,

• Best suited for enterprise-class-deployments.
• It can be installed and run on all major architectures like x86-64, ARM v7, ARM64, POWER8, POWER9, IBM s390x (LinuxONE) and RISC-V
• Long Term Kernel 5.15
• Updated OpenSSL 3.0, QEMU (v6.2), libvirt (v8.0), PHP (v8.1), Ruby (v3.0), GCC (V11.2), Python (v3.10.1), MySQL (v8.0.28), OpenLDAP (v.2.5.11) and Samba 4.15.

Minimum system Requirements for Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS

• Dual Core Processor (2 GHz)
• 4 GB Physical RAM
• 25 GB or more Disk Space
• Bootable Media
• Internet Connectivity (Optional)

Let’s deep dive into Ubuntu Server 22.04 installations steps.

1) Download Ubuntu 22.04 Server ISO File

Download the Ubuntu 22.04 LTS server iso file from its official page,

Once ISO file is downloaded on your system, then burn it into USB stick and make it bootable.

Note: In case you have downloaded the ISO file on Windows system then use ‘Rufus’ software to create bootable media and for Linux systems refer below:

• How to Create Bootable USB Drive on Ubuntu / Linux Mint

2) Boot the System with Bootable Media

Now head to the target system on which you want to install and run Ubuntu server 22.04. Reboot it and change its boot medium from Hard disk to USB from the bios settings.

When the system boots up with bootable media, we will get following screen.

Choose ‘Try or Install Ubuntu Server’ and hit enter.

3)  Select Language for Ubuntu Server 22.04 Installation

Choose your preferred language and then hit enter,

4) Choose Keyboard Layout

Select your preferred keyboard layout for Ubuntu Server installation and then enter.

5) Select Installation Type

In this step, you will be prompted to choose the base for installation. There are two options,

• Ubuntu Server – It will all the software which are required to run and manage Ubuntu server smoothly.
• Ubuntu Server (Minimized) – As the name suggests, it will have minimum runtime footprint in environments where humans are not expected to login.

So, select the first option ‘Ubuntu Server’ and then choose Done

6) Network and Ubuntu Archive Mirror Settings

In this step, you will be presented the following screen. If your system connected modem or may be to a switch, then it will try to get IP address via DHCP.

You can also assign IP manually in case DHCP is not enabled in your environment.

Choose Done and hit enter

If your system is running behind proxy server then specify proxy IP and port. Skip it, in case there is no proxy in your environment.

Based on current location, installer will automatically configure Ubuntu Archive Mirror.

Select Done and press enter.

7) Configure Storage Layout

Here we will decide what would be partition scheme for Ubuntu server based on available disk space.

We have two options here,

• Use an entire disk – In this option, installer will automatically create partition on disk.
• Custom Storage Layout – As the name suggests, here we can create custom partitions for Ubuntu server.

Note: If you are new Ubuntu then it is recommended to choose first option ‘Use an entire disk’

Choose ‘Done’ and hit enter,

As you can see, installer has created two partitions ( / & /boot) on 40 GB hard disk. We have around 19 GB free space which we can use to create partition as per the requirement after the installation.

Select Done and press enter to proceed with installation

Choose ‘Continue’ to write changes to disk in the following screen.

8) Profile Setup

Mention the username, its password and system’s hostname in profile setup. In my case, I have used the followings.

Later we will be using this user for log in to the system. This user will have sudo rights by default.

9) Install OpenSSH Server

In the following screen, installer will prompt to install openssh server. So, select ‘Install OpenSSH Server’, Choose Done and hit enter to begin the installation.

(Optional) Choose the server snaps according to the environment that you want to build during the installation. You skip this if you don’t want to configure during installation.

10) Installation Started

Actual installation got started in this step.

Once the installation is completed the installer will instruct to reboot the system once.

Select ‘Reboot Now’ to restart the system.

Note: Don’t forget to change the boot medium from USB to hard disk via BIOS settings.

11) Login Screen After Installation

When the system boots up after the reboot, we will get the following login screen. Use the same username and password that created during profile setup step.

Perfect, above confirms that Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS has been installed successfully. That’s all from this guide. Please don’t hesitate to post your queries and feedback in below comments section.

Many a time, resources of two AWS regions communicate each other over the internet (or public network). This is not the recommended way as communication is happening over the internet which is not secure and also it leads to unnecessary billing.

To overcome this, we can setup VPC peering connection between two AWS regions. After the vpc peering setup, resources of those two AWS regions can communicate over the AWS private network.

In this guide, we will learn how to create VPC peering connection across two AWS regions step by step.

For the demonstration, I have first VPC named vpc-a in eu-west2 region and second VPC named vpc-b in us-west-2. In region eu-west-2, we have a VM named ‘VM 1’ inside vpc-a, this VM will communicate to vm-2 created in us-west-2 region inside vpc-b over private network.

Note: VM 1 is launched in public subnet and VM 2 is launched in private subnet. Private IP of VM-1 and VM-2 is ‘10.20.1.11’ and ‘10.40.1.39’ respectively.

Login to VM-1 and try to ping VM-2 private IP. I have already attached required security group to these two VMs.

There is no ping connectivity over the private IPs because VPC peering connection is not configured yet. Let’s create VPC connection using following steps.

1) Go to VPC console page

https://console.aws.amazon.com/vpc/

Switch to the region eu-west-2

2) Choose Peering Connections from VPC Navigation Pane

Click on ‘Peering Connections’

3) Create VPC Peering connection from VPC-a to VPC- b

Specify the following details

• Peering connection name tag: vpca-vpb-peering
• VPC (Requester): Select VPC-a (this is the requestor VPC in our case)
• Account: As we are setting up VPC peering of two AWS regions of same account, so select ‘My-Account’
• Region: Select ‘Another region’
• VPC (Accepter): Specify the VPC ID of VPC-b (us-west-2).

To get VPC ID, switch to us-west-2 and go VPC console,

Now create peering connection by specifying the details, example is shown below

Once the peering connection is requested, we will get the following window,

4) Accept Peering Connection from another Region

In our case, switch to us-west-2, go to peering connection from VPC navigation pane.

From Actions Tab, click on ‘Accept Request’

After Accepting the request, connection will become active.

5) Modify the Route Tables

Add routes in the route table in such a way that

• For VPC-a, if the traffic is destined to 10.40.1.0/26 (this is CIDR of VPC-b) then use peering connection.
• Similarly, for VPC-b, if the traffic is destined to 10.20.1.0/26 (this is the CIDR of VPC-a) then use peering connection

As my VM-1 is in public subnet of VPC-a, so add following route in public route table,

VM-2 is private subnet of VPC-b, so add route in private route table,

Now we are all set for the testing, head back to VM -1 and try to ping and telnet VM-2 from the terminal,

In the same way, from we can reach to VM1 from VM-2 over the private IP.

Perfect, above confirms that both VMs of two AWS regions are communicating with each using private IPs. That’s all from this guide, I hope you have found it informative. Kindly you post your queries and feedback in below comments section.

Also Read: How to Configure your own VPC(Virtual Private Cloud) in AWS

Now that you have installed Ubuntu 22.04 LTS, what next? In this guide, we outline some of the basic steps that you can take as you familiarize yourself with Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish).

1) Update the local repositories and upgrade the system

A good place to begin is to refresh the repositories or the local package index. So, launch your terminal and run apt command:

$ sudo apt update

Next, you might want to upgrade all the installed packages to their latest versions. Before doing so, you can have a glance at the list of packages with pending upgrades as follows.

$ sudo apt list --upgradable

To upgrade all the packages, run the command:

$ sudo apt upgrade

Additionally, you might want to ensure that Universe and multiverse repositories are enabled. Universe repository provides community-maintained free and opensource software whose regular security updates are not guaranteed by Ubuntu. Multiverse, on the other hand, provides software that is not free and opensource, and therefore, Ubuntu does not provide updates and bug fixes.

By default, these repositories come already enabled in Ubuntu 22.04. You can verify this by searching for ‘Software & Updates’ as shown.

Next, click on ‘Ubuntu Software’ and there below, all the repositories will be listed. To exit, click on the ‘Close’ button.

2) Install Ubuntu-restricted-extras package

The ubuntu-restricted-extras package is a meta-package that bundles additional software that is not installed by default due to copyright and legal issues. Ubuntu maintainers only provide support for free and opensource software and do not include, by default,  software encumbered by patents.

The ubuntu-restricted-extras meta-package provides the following essential packages:

• Codecs for commonly used video and audio files
• Microsoft TrueType core fonts
• Support for MP3 and unencrypted DVD playback
• Adobe Flash plugin

To install the ubuntu-restricted-extras meta-package, run the command:

$ sudo apt install ubuntu-restricted-extras

During the installation, be sure to read the Microsoft EULA license agreement. Use the TAB key to select ‘OK’ and press ENTER.

Next, accept the EULA license terms.

3) Choose an accent color

For a long time now, the default accent color for Ubuntu has been Orange. With Ubuntu 22.04, you can pick your preferred accent color from a selection of 9 more colors to spruce up things a little bit and break away from the monotony of the default accent color.

4) Change the desktop background

The default desktop background for Ubuntu 22.04 is that of a Jellyfish, hence the code name Jammy Jellyfish. However, some of you might not find it that appealing or inspiring. If you share the same feeling, then there are quite a number of backgrounds to choose from. On the ‘Settings’ page, click on the ‘Background’ option and pick your preferred background.

5) Explore the new screenshot tool

Ubuntu 22.04 ships with a new and polished screenshot tool that also includes a screen casting feature for recording your desktop. There are two ways of launching it. You can press the Print Screen button on your keyboard or, alternatively, search it using the GNOME application menu as shown.

The screenshot tool pops open with a region already selected for you. You can drag the corners of the selected area inwards or outwards to select your preferred region. Additionally, you can choose to take a screenshot of the entire screen or a window.

6) Explore the Dock settings

Ubuntu 22.04 lets you experiment with the Dock settings and make a few tweaks. For example, you can choose to auto-hide the Dock or disable ‘Panel mode’ to prevent the Dock from extending all the way down to the bottom of the screen. You can also specify the size of the Dock icons.

Furthermore, you can change the position of default icons which, by default, is set to the bottom-right corner as well as adjust their size.

7) Configure Power Settings

The Power settings now allow you to display the battery percentage to give you an idea of the amount of power remaining on your battery. You can also select the most preferred power option between ‘Balanced’ and ‘Power Saver’ to suit your PC usage.

8) Turn on the Night Light feature to Minimize Eye Strain

Studies have shown that the blue light emitted by your PC is harmful to your vision, affects your sleep, and has a long-term effect on your eyes. To reduce eye strain during the night, you can turn on the ‘Night Light’ feature which adds an orange-yellow hue on the screen and significantly cuts out the blue light emission coming from your PC’s display.

The settings also allow you to schedule the start and the end of the Night-light effect and also adjust the intensity of the orange-yellow hue on the screen.

9) Install GNOME tweaks (Formerly GNOME Tweak Tool)

In addition to system settings, consider installing Gnome tweaks. This is an extension of the GNOME shell. It provides plenty of GNOME customization options that enhance the appearance of your desktop and provide additional settings for the keyboard and mouse.

To install GNOME Tweaks, run the command:

$ sudo apt install -y gnome-tweaks

You can then launch it using the GNOME search application as shown.

The ‘Tweak’ window provides various aspects that you can further configure to improve the aesthetics and add functionality.

10) Install Software from Ubuntu Software Center

Ubuntu Software Center has been around for a while and has proven useful in helping users install software from Ubuntu repositories. By default, Ubuntu only comes with a few applications out-of-the-box. Apart from using the APT package manager to install applications on the command line, you can head over to the software Center and install your desired applications.

All you need to do is to click on the App and click ‘Install’.

11) Install Gnome Extension Manager

With the help of Gnome extensions, we can add new features, look & feel to our desktop screen. In Ubuntu 22.04, we can install and manage gnome extensions via Gnome Extension manager. So, to install it, run following command from the terminal,

$ sudo apt install -y gnome-shell-extension-manager

After the installation, search extension and click on its icon

We will get following window, choose your preferred extension, and install it.

My favorite extension is ‘Dash to Panel’, it will move the panel to bottom.

Summing up

We have barely scratched the surface of what you can do with your fresh installation of Ubuntu 22.04. This is just the tip of the iceberg and there’s so much more to explore and configure on your system. Thus far, we have provided some of the fundamental steps to take as you get started with using Ubuntu 22.04. We wish you a wonderful time as you move along.

Also Read: How to Install VirtualBox in Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish)

It is recommended to have a static IP address on a linux system as it will be persistent across the reboot. In Ubuntu 22.04 LTS desktop, networking is controlled and managed by Network Manager.

In this guide, we will learn how to configure static ip address in Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish).

Configure Static IP via desktop environment

First method to configure static ip address from the desktop environment. Login to your system, from the desktop screen, Click on Network icon and then click on wired settings, example is shown below

In the next screen, click on ‘gearbox’ icon under wired section.

In the following window, choose IPV4 tab,

As we can see, Automatic (or DHCP) is enabled. It means, it will get IP address automatically from DHCP server.

So, to configure static IP address, choose Manual and specify the IP details like IP address, netmask, gateway and dns ip.

Click on Apply to save changes.

To make above IP address assigned to interface (or NIC), we must disable and enable the interface.

Once you disable and enable the interface, close the window, and verify the IP from command line using ip command.

$ ip a s
$ ip route show

Perfect, above output confirms that Static IP address has been assigned to the NIC enp0s3 interface.

Another way to configure static ip address from command line using nmcli command.

Configure Static IP with nmcli command

Run below command to identify the device name,

$ nmcli connection show

To assign the static IP address, create a connection with name ‘static ip’ and use interface as ‘enp0s3’, run beneath command

$ sudo nmcli con add type ethernet con-name 'static-ip' ifname enp0s3 ipv4.method manual ipv4.addresses 192.168.1.189/24 gw4 192.168.1.1

Add the DNS IP to the ‘static-ip’ connection, run

$ sudo nmcli con mod static-ip ipv4.dns 192.168.1.1

To make the connection active, run following nmcli command

$ sudo nmcli con up id 'static-ip'

Output of above nmcli commands would look like below:

Verify whether IP is assigned to the interface and also verify internet connectivity. Run the following ip commands one after the another.

$ ip a s
$ ip route show
$ ping google.com

Output,

Great, above confirms that static ip address has been assigned to the interface enp0s3.

That’s all from this guide, please do post your queries and comments in below comments section.

Ubuntu 22.04 (Jammy Jellyfish) has officially been released. It’s the latest Ubuntu LTS release and it ships with numerous improvements and new applications such as PHP 8.1, Ruby 3.0, OpenSSL 3.0, Golang 1.18, GNOME 42, and improved support for Raspberry Pi to mention just a few. We already have a guide on how to install Ubuntu 22.04.

In case, you have Ubuntu 20.04 LTS and don’t feel like starting from scratch, you can easily upgrade to Ubuntu 22.04 using a few simple steps.

In this guide, we will demonstrate how you can upgrade Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (Focal Fossa) to Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish) step by step.

Prerequisites

Before you commence the upgrade, ensure that you have the following in place:

• An instance of Ubuntu 20.04 with a sudo user configured
• A high-speed internet connection. In this guide, we are using an internet connection of 15 Mbps.
• At least 10 GB of free disk space is recommended. If you have a separate boot partition, ensure that you have at least 200MB of free space on that partition.
• It is also highly recommended that you take a backup of all your files so that you do not lose your data in case something goes wrong during the upgrade.

1) Upgrade Ubuntu to the latest release

To begin the upgrade process, log in to your Ubuntu 20.04 instance and upgrade all the packages to their latest versions.

$ sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

This might take a while depending on how many packages have pending upgrades. While the upgrade is in progress. Just sit back and relax and let it continue.

Upon completion, reboot your system.

$ sudo reboot

Login once again and verify that you are running the latest release of Ubuntu 20.04, which should be Ubuntu 20.04.4.

You can verify this using the command:

$ lsb_release -a

2) Begin the Upgrade

To initiate the actual upgrade, run the following command.

$ sudo do-release-upgrade -d

The command checks for the availability of a new Ubuntu release and proceeds to download the upgrade tool.

The upgrade tool performs a series of operations. It updates the local package index, checks for installed snaps, and determines their size. It then proceeds to update the repository information.

To continue, simply hit ENTER on your keyboard.

Moving on, the upgrade tool will provide you with a summary of the following:

• Packages that are no longer supported by Canonical.
• The number of obsolete packages that will be removed.
• The number of new packages that are going to be installed.
• The number of packages that are going to be upgraded
• The total download size of all the packages and the estimated time taken to download them.

To continue, type ‘y’ and hit ENTER.

All the current ‘focal’ sources list files for Ubuntu 20.04 will be overwritten by ‘jammy’ sources list files for Ubuntu 22.04.

There are services installed on your system that will be affected during the upgrade and will certainly need to be restarted.  Thankfully, the upgrade tool will automatically restart these services for you since manually restarting them will interrupt the upgrade process.

From here, the upgrade to Ubuntu 22.04 will continue. This takes quite some time as the system downloads new packages and installs them.

Starting from Ubuntu 22.04, Firefox will only be available to Ubuntu users via the snap package. The Firefox upgrade will automatically transition Firefox to snap. If you have an instance of Firefox running, close it and select the ‘OK’ option to transition Firefox to a snap package.

Along the way, you will be prompted to remove or purge old packages which are a by-product of the upgrade process. Press ‘y’ and hit ENTER to continue.

Finally, you will be prompted to reboot your system to complete the upgrade. Simply press ‘y’ and press ENTER to reboot.

The restart will take a bit longer than usual, so just be patient. Finally, the login screen will appear. Click on your username and provide a password to log in.

This ushers you to the Ubuntu 22.04 (Jammy Jellyfish) desktop as shown below.

You can head over to the terminal and verify that the upgrade was successful, once again, checking the version of Ubuntu.

$ lsb_release -a

The output confirms that we have successfully upgraded from Ubuntu 20.04 to Ubuntu 22.04.

Conclusion

And there you go. We have successfully upgraded from Ubuntu 20.04 to Ubuntu 22.04 LTS which will be supported by Canonical for the next 5 years until 2027. We hope that this guide was helpful. Have a wonderful time in getting started with the latest Ubuntu LTS release in town.

Hello Ubuntu Users, Canonical has released much awaited Ubuntu 22.04 LTS desktop operating system on 21st April 2022. Code name for Ubuntu 22.04 is Jammy Jellyfish and it is a LTS (Long Term support) release and will get updates and support for next 5 years.

In this guide, we will learn how to install Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish) step by step with screenshots. Before moving to installation part, let’s see what are the new features and improvement in Ubuntu 22.04 LTS.

• New Logo – Ubuntu 22.04 comes with brand new ubuntu logo.
• Dock Mode Improvements – This release added new functionality to dock that we can size of dock.
• Liberty to change theme Colors – It allows you to change the default orange theme and personalize desktop experience.
• Introduction to new screenshot and screencast tool – As GNOME 42 is introduced in Ubuntu 22.04, it has a new screenshot and screencast tool by default.
• Introduction to new flutter based installer – Ubuntu 22.04 LTS comes with flutter based installer which allows you to choose ZFS and LVM while installing Ubuntu on your system.
• New Grub (Boot loader) 2.06 – By default, OS prober feature is disabled in Grub 2.06. You need to enable it if you are planning to dual boot system.
• Slight Improvement in software Center.
• Allow to configure multi-monitor settings.
• New Linux Kernel 5.15 LTS
• New version of Software like openssl 3.0, Python 3.10, GCC 11 and PHP 8.1.

Minimum System Requirements for Installing Ubuntu 22.04 LTS

• 4 GB RAM or more
• 25 GB free hard disk space
• Dual Core Processor (2 GHz)
• Bootable Installation Media
• Stable Internet Connection (Optional)

Without any further ado, let’s deep dive into Ubuntu 22.04 installation steps.

1 ) Download Ubuntu 22.04 ISO File

Download Ubuntu 22.04 LTS iso file from the ubuntu official web portal. Use beneath URL:

• Download Ubuntu 22.04 – Jammy Jellyfish

2) Create Bootable Installation Media

Once ISO file is downloaded on your system then burn it into a USB Stick and make it bootable.

Use Rufus on Windows operating to create bootable media and on Linux refer following guide.

• How to Create Bootable USB Drive on Ubuntu / Linux Mint

3) Boot System with Bootable Installation Media

Reboot the target system on which we want to install Ubuntu 22.04. Go to its bios settings and change the boot medium from hard disk to USB drive.

When the system boots up with bootable media, we will get the following screen.

Choose ‘Try or Install Ubuntu’ and hit enter.

In the next screen, click on ‘Install Ubuntu’

3) Choose Keyboard Layout

Choose your preferred keyboard layout and then click on ‘continue’

4) Prepare Installation

In this step, we must choose the installation type. There two options, Normal and Minimal Installation. In Normal Installation, all GUI related applications will be installed whereas in minimal only basic apps will be installed.

Normal Installation is the recommended one to get better desktop experience. When you have internet connection during the installation and want to install all updates & third-party graphics software and wifi drivers and additional media formats then you can choose both the options else keep them as untick.

Click on ‘Continue’ to proceed further

5)  Choose Installation Type

In this step, we will be prompted to choose the installation type. Here installation type means the partitioning scheme.

Following are two installation type:

• Erase Disk and Install Ubuntu – It will erase the entire disk and will create the partitions automatically.
• Something else – To create own customize partition scheme then choose ‘Something else’.

If you are new to Ubuntu Linux, then it is recommended to go with first option. In this guide, I will demonstrate how to create custom partition scheme via something else option.

Click on continue and then we will get following screen,

As we can see, we have 40 GB disk space for Ubuntu 22.04 Installation. We are going to create following partitions on it.

• /boot       –    2 GB (ext4 file system)
•  /home    –    26 GB (xfs file system)
• /               –     10 GB (xfs file system)
• Swap       –     2 GB (xfs file system)

To start creating partition, first create an empty partition table.

Select the Device –> Click on ‘New Partition Table’

Click on Continue,

Now Create our first partition as /boot of size 2 GB. Select the Free Space –> Click on + symbol

Click on OK.

Similarly Create /home and / partition of size 26 GB & 10 GB respectively.

Click on ‘OK’

Finally create our last partition as swap of size 2 GB.

Click on Ok to finish the partition creation.

Note : If you are using GPT disk then you must create EFI partition of size between 100 – 250 MB and reserved bios boot area of at least 1MB.

Once you are done with partition scheme, click on ‘Install Now’ option in following screen to further proceed with installation

In the next screen, choose ‘Continue’ to write changes to the disk.

6) Choose Your Preferred Location

Select the location as per your current region, it will configure time zone accordingly.

7) Create User and Set Host name

In this step, specify the local username and its password. We would be using this user after OS installation. Also specify the host name of your system.

Click on Continue to proceed further with installation

8) Ubuntu 22.04 Installation Started

As we see in the following window, installation has started, and it is in progress.

Once the installation is completed, we will be prompted to reboot the system.

Click on ‘Restart Now’ to reboot the system. Also don’t forget to change boot medium from USB to hard disk from bios settings.

9) Login Screen after Ubuntu 22.04 Installation

When the system boots up after reboot, we will get the following login screen.

Use the same user’s credentials that we have created during the installation and hit enter,

Great, above screen confirms that Ubuntu 22.04 is successfully installed. Try to explore new features of Ubuntu 22.04 LTS and have fun 😊.

That’s all from this guide, I hope you have found it informative. Kindly post your queries and feedback in below comments section.

VirtualBox is a free and open-source virtualization tool for desktop and servers. It allows the users to run multiple virtual machines of different operating system at the same time. It is a type 2 hypervisor for x86 virtualization.

Some of basic terminology used in Virtualization world are:

• Host Operating System (Host OS) – It is an operating system of the physical machine on which VirtualBox is installed or will be installed. Host OS for virtual box can be Windows, UNIX and Mac OS X.
• Guest operating system (Guest OS) – It is an operating system which is running inside the virtual machine.
• Virtual machine (VM) – This is the special environment that VirtualBox creates for our Guest OS while it is running. In other words, we can say that we run guest OS in a VM.

In this guide, we will cover how to install VirtualBox on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish) system step by step.

Minimum System Requirement for VirtualBox

• Minimal Ubuntu 22.04 LTS system installed
• Sudo User with admin privileges
• 4GB RAM or more
• Multi Core Processor ( 4 Core CPUs or more)

Without any further delay, let’s deep dive into the installation steps

1) Update System Package Cache

To make the system package cache up to date, run

$ sudo apt update

2) Install VirtualBox with apt command

Latest version of VirtualBox and its dependencies are available in default package repositories of Ubuntu 22.04 LTS. To view the available VirtualBox version, run

$ sudo apt-cache policy virtualbox

To Install VirtualBox along with its dependencies, run the following apt command

$ sudo apt install -y virtualbox

Once the VirtualBox is installed successfully, try to access it.

3) Access VirtualBox

To access the VirtualBox, type virtualbox in search dash.

Click on VirtualBox icon, we will get following window.

This confirms that VirtualBox has been started successfully. Before start creating virtual machines inside the virtualbox, let’s first install extension pack in the next step.

4) Install VirtualBox Extension Pack

VirtualBox Extension pack provides additional functionality to virtualbox like support for USB 2.0 & USB 3.0, PXE boot for Intel Cards, disk encryption and VirtualBox RDP.

To Install extension pack, let’s first download its file using beneath wget command.

$ wget https://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/6.1.32/Oracle_VM_VirtualBox_Extension_Pack-6.1.32.vbox-extpack

To install extension pack, run following command

$ sudo VBoxManage extpack install Oracle_VM_VirtualBox_Extension_Pack-6.1.32.vbox-extpack

You will be prompted to accept the License agreement, press ‘Y’ to accept it.

Above screen confirms that extension has been installed successfully.

Now head back to VirtualBox GUI. From the File menu choose Preferences and then click on Extensions

Above window also confirms that extension is installed and active. Now, we are ready to create virtual machines inside the VirtualBox.

Note: Please make sure VirtualBox version and extension pack version must match otherwise additional functionality will not work properly.

That’s all from this guide. I hope you have found it informative and insightful. Please don’t hesitate to post your queries and feedback in below comments section.

Booting a Linux system into rescue mode or single user mode is one of the important troubleshooting for Linux admins. Rescue mode is also known as single user mode. Generally Linux system is booted into rescue mode in order to recover forgotten root password and to repair and fix corrupted file system.

Apart from the rescue mode, Linux system can be booted into emergency mode, the main difference between them is that rescue mode loads a minimal environment with read only root file system whereas emergency mode doesn’t mount root file system.

In this guide, we will learn how to boot Debian 11 (Bullseye) into Rescue (or Single User Mode) and emergency mode.

Boot Debian 11 Into Rescue Mode

Reboot Debian 11 system and go to boot loader (Grub) screen and select “Debian GNU/Linux”.

Note: If the system is booting up using default BIOS settings, then hold down the Shift key to go boot loader screen. In case of UEFI booting, press ESC key couple of time to go to bootloader screen.

The Grub (boot loader) screen would look like below,

Press “e” and then go the end of line which starts with word “linux” and append “init=/bin/bash”.

Now Press Ctrl-x or F10 to boot, we will get the following screen

Mount the root file system in read-write mode, run

# mount -o remount,rw /

Once the file system is mounted in rw mode then we can execute admin like resetting root password.

Once you are done with all troubleshooting, reboot the system by pressing Ctrl + Alt + Del

Boot Debian 11 into Emergency Mode

Reboot your Debian 11 system and go to grub (boot loader) screen

Press “e” and go to end of line which starts with word linux and append “systemd.unit=emergency.target”.

Now press Ctrl-x or F10 to boot into emergency mode.

Note: In case root password is already set in your Debian 11 system then you must enter root password to enter in emergency mode. So, in my case I have already set the root password.

Enter root user password to get the shell and use “mount -o remount,rw /” command to mount the root file system in read-write mode.

Perform the troubleshooting steps and type ‘systemctl reboot’ to reboot the system.

That’s all from this guide, I hope you have found it informative. Kindly do share your feedback and queries in below comments section.

Also Read: How to Boot Ubuntu 20.04 LTS in Rescue / Emergency Mode

VPC is a virtual private cloud in public cloud like GCP (Google Cloud Platform) and AWS. In simple terms, VPC is a dedicated private network for your project in google cloud platform. It provides networking for virtual machines, containers and app engine.

In this guide, we will learn how to create customize VPC network in GCP (Google Cloud Platform) step by step. Without any further delay, let’s jump into steps.

1) Login to Google Cloud Console and Go to VPC networks

Login to your google cloud console and search vpc,

Click on ‘VPC network‘, it will open VPC networks page.

Note: In my case, I am using LinuxTechi project and have deleted the default VPC.

Let’s create new VPC in the next step.

2) Create VPC Network

Click on ‘Create VPC network‘ and we will get the following page, specify the following details.

• VPC Name:  vpc-a
• Description (Optional): Virtual Private Cloud in LinuxTechi Project
• Subnet Create Mode: custom (If you choose automatic, it will create subnet in all regions automatically)

• Subnet Name: linuxtechi-prv-subnet
• Subnet Region: Europe-west2
• IP address range: 10.30.0.0/26  (Specify the CIDR range as per requirement)
• Private Google Access: Off (If you keep this option as ‘ON’ then it will allow this subnet to make API calls to GCP services privately)

• Flow Logs:  off

• Firewall Rules: Allow Ingress ICMP, RDP and SSH protocols/ ports. ( You can define your own custom rules)
• Dynamic Routing Mode: Regional

In the last step, choose the MTU and then click on ‘Create’ to create VPC along with its subnet.

3) Verify VPC Network and Subnet

After the creation of VPC network, we will get following on VPC networks page, verify the VPC and subnet.

4) Test VPC Network and its Subnet

To test above created VPC netwrok, let’s create one virtual machine inside the VPC. From the search bar, search ‘add vm instance’.

Specify the VM details like VM Name, Region (Choose the region where we have created subnet for vpc-a).

In the networking section, choose the VPC as ‘vpc-a’ and subnet as ‘linuxtechi-prv-subnet’

Now, click on ‘Create’ option to launch the virtual machine.

Once the VM comes up, try to take its ssh console and verify the internal IP whether it is coming from subnet of VPC-A.

Perfect, above confirms that VM has been created successfully and got the IP from subnet of VPC-A.

Note: Kindly delete the virtual machine after the testing to avoid unnecessary billing.

That’s all from this guide, I hope you have found it informative and insightful. Please do post your feedback and queries in below comments section.

Also Read : How to Setup Kubernetes Cluster on Google Cloud Platform (GCP)