In this tutorial, we walk you through the installation of Docker Desktop on Ubuntu 22.04.

The conventional way of running and managing Docker container images is on the command line. However, this can be a daunting prospect for beginners who are just getting started out with learning Docker. And this is where Docker Desktop comes in.

Developed by Docker, Docker Desktop is a free and user-friendly GUI application that allows users to easily run and manage Docker containers and images from their Linux PC without the need for executing commands on the CLI.

Docker Desktop is a cross-platform application which means you can install it on Windows, Linux, and Mac. It is free for companies of up to 250 employees beyond which you need a paid subscription.

Prerequisites

Before installing anything else, ensure that your PC meets the following set of basic requirements.

• 64-bit CPU with Virtualization Support enabled.
• At least 4GB RAM
• A GUI desktop environment (Preferably GNOME, MATE, or KDE )
•  A Sudo User with admin rights

Now let us jump right in and install Docker Desktop on Ubuntu 22.04

Step 1) Confirm KVM virtualization is enabled

To get off the ground, you need to ensure that KVM virtualization is supported. To check if the KVM module is loaded, run the command:

$ lsmod | grep kvm

If the module is loaded, you should get the following output. This shows that the KVM module for the Intel CPU is enabled.

If the module is not loaded, you can run the following commands:

For Intel Processors

$ sudo modprobe kvm_intel

For AMD Processors

$ sudo modprobe kvm_amd

Step 2) Install Docker on Ubuntu 22.04

The next step is to install Docker. But first, update the package lists and install the requisite dependencies as follows

$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install software-properties-common curl apt-transport-https ca-certificates -y

Once the installation is complete, add Docker’s GPG signing key.

$ curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/docker-archive-keyring.gpg

Next, add the official Docker’s repository to your system as follows.

$ sudo add-apt-repository "deb [arch=amd64] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) stable"

Once the repository is in place, install Docker and other Docker tools as shown.

$ sudo apt install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io uidmap -y

After successful installation, add the user account to the Docker group using the following commands:

$ sudo usermod -aG docker $USER
$ newgrp docker

To verify that docker is running, execute the following command:

$ sudo systemctl status docker

You can also check the version of Docker installed alongside other information as shown.

$ docker version

Step 3) Install Docker Desktop on Ubuntu 22.04

Docker Desktop is not yet available on official Ubuntu repositories or Docker itself. Therefore, you need to manually download the Debian binary file. from the Official Docker website.

At the time of writing this guide, the latest version of Docker Desktop is Docker Desktop version 4.15.0. You can use the wget command as shown.

$ wget https://desktop.docker.com/linux/main/amd64/docker-desktop-4.15.0-amd64.deb

Alternatively, you can click the following link under the ‘Linux DEB’.

Once the file is downloaded, install Docker Desktop by running the following command:

$ sudo apt install ./docker-desktop-*-amd64.deb

Step 4) Launch Docker Desktop 

Once Docker Desktop is installed, you can use the application manager to search and launch it as shown.

You can also launch on the command line as shown.

$ sudo systemctl --user start docker-desktop

Once Docker Desktop is launched, the following pop-up will be displayed. Click ‘Accept’ to accept the license terms.

Shortly after, the Docker Desktop GUI dashboard will launch. It takes roughly 3 -5 minutes to initialize and get started so, be patient.

To take a tour of the Docker desktop and get tips on how to get started with Docker, hit the ‘Start’ button.

If you don’t wish to take the tour, simply click ‘skip tutorial’.

Finally, you will land on the Docker Desktop home page as you can see below with instructions on how to get started with containers.

Step 5) Configure Docker Desktop

Docker Desktop is highly configurable, and you can tweak almost every setting to suit your preferences.

These settings are grouped into the following:

• General
• Resources
• Docker Engine
• Experimental Features
• Kubernetes
• Software Updates
• Extensions

To access these settings, click on the top gear icon and the ‘Settings’ tab will appear with the above-mentioned options.

For example, in the resource tab, you can configure system resources required by Docker Desktop such as No, of CPUs, RAM, Swap space, etc.

Step 6) Running containers with Docker Desktop

When you have configured Docker Desktop according to your preferences, you can start running containers. As an example, we will run a Redis container.

So, click on ‘Run’

On the pop-up that appears, select the directory in which the container image will be pulled.

Docker Desktop will start pulling the container image from the Docker hub and create a container instance of Redis which is an in-memory key-value data store.

Once the image is pulled, a container will be created, and the following overview dashboard will be displayed.

You can click on the ‘Containers’ tab to view and manage all the containers on the system (whether running or stopped).

Similarly, you can click on the ‘Images’ tab to view and manage pulled container images.

Step 6) Uninstalling Docker Desktop

If you no longer need Docker Desktop on your system, you can uninstall it using the following command.

$ sudo apt purge docker-desktop

The remove the associated Docker Desktop files.

$ rm -r $HOME/.docker/desktop
$ sudo rm /usr/local/bin/com.docker.cli

Final Words

In this guide, we walked you through the installation of Docker Desktop and demonstrated the basics of how you can get started and start creating and managing container images. Your feedback on this guide will be appreciated.

Also Read: 20 Useful Docker Command Examples in Linux

Garuda Linux is a user-friendly and visually appealing Linux distribution that is popular among gamers. It is a rolling distribution based on Arch Linux that is designed to offer exemplary performance while focusing on offering an immersive user experience with beautiful and elegant desktop themes.

Garuda Linux offers its users a wide selection of vibrant desktop environments including Plasma KDE, GNOME, LXQt-win, Xfce, and Qtile to mention a few. Like Arch Linux, it uses Pacman as its default package manager and ships with a huge collection of software packages.

Key highlights of Garuda Linux include:

• Calameres installer for simplifying the installation process.
• BTRFS is the default filesystem with zstd compression.
• Enhanced Linux kernel for optimized multimedia and gaming.
• Elegant desktop themes with blur effects out of the box.
• Garuda Assistant GUI tool for managing various tasks along with snapper.
• Automatic snapshots using the Timeshift backup tool.
• Garuda Settings Manager for managing kernels and drivers.
• Garuda gamer for managing gaming software.

In this guide, we will demonstrate how to install Garuda Linux step-by-step with screenshots.

Step 1) Download Garuda Linux ISO

The first step in installing Garuda Linux is to download the ISO image file. Currently, there are 10 Editions of Garuda that are available. So, head over to the official Garuda Download page and download your preferred ISO file.

Once you have downloaded the Garuda Linux ISO file, grab a 16GB USB drive and create a bootable USB installation medium using Rufus, Balena Etcher or any other software for writing image files onto a USB drive.

Step 2)  Boot system with installation medium

With the installation medium at hand, plug it into your PC and reboot the system. Be sure to set the bootable USB drive to have the highest boot priority and continue booting.

The first screen that comes to view provides you with a list of options as shown below. You can choose either the ‘Boot with opensource drivers’ or ‘Boot allowing proprietary drivers (NVIDIA)’ option.

Soon afterward, you will see the boot messages splash on your screen for a minute or so.

The Garuda installer will be initialized, and you should see the Garuda Linux logo.

A moment later, you will land into the live Garuda Linux environment. On the welcome screen, click ‘Install Garuda Linux’ to commence the installation of Garuda Linux.

Step 3) Select Installation Language

The beautiful and intuitive Calameres installer will come to view. On the left sidebar is a list of installation steps that you will be required to take.

To proceed with the installation, select the installation language and click ‘Next’.

Step 4)  Select Geographical Region

Next, select your current or preferred geographical location and time zone and click ‘Next’

Step 5)  Select Keyboard Layout

Next, select your preferred layout. Here, we will go with the default selection which works just fine. Then click ‘Next’.

Step 6) Configure Partitioning

In this section, you will be required to partition your hard drive. You will be presented with two options as shown.

• Erase Disk: This option wipes out everything on your hard drive including the existing operating system and all the files. It’s preferred if you want to start from scratch. In addition, the option automatically partitions the hard drive and is recommended for Linux users who are not comfortable with manual partitioning.
• Manual Partitioning: This option offers the autonomy to create your disk partitions. It’s recommended if you want to have a dual boot setup.

For this guide, we will go with ‘Manual partitioning’. These are the partitions we are going to create:

• /boot/efi      –   512MB
• Swap           –   8GB
• /                   –   18GB
• /home         –   14GB

Next, click ‘New Partition Table’

We will opt to go with the GPT (GUID Partition Table) option which is the most preferred, and click ‘Ok’.

Your hard drive will be labeled as ‘Free Space’ to begin with. This is because no partitions have been created so far. To begin creating disk partitions, click ‘Create’.

Since we are using UEFI boot mode, we will start by creating the /boot/efi partition as shown.

• Size: 512MB
• File System: FAT32
• Mount Point:  /boot/efi
• Flag:  boot

Once you are done, click ‘Ok’.

For swap space:

• Size: 512MB
• File System: linuxswap
• Flag:  swap

For /  partition

• Size: 18500MB
• File System: btrfs
• Mount Point:  /
• Flag:  root

For /home partition

• Size: 14718MB
• File System: btrfs
• Mount Point:  /home

The complete partition table looks like this. To proceed, click ‘Next’.

Step 7)  Create a login and administrative user

Next, you will be required to create a regular login user and root account. Therefore, fill in the required details as shown below and click ‘Next’.

Step 8) Installation Summary & Start Installation of Garuda

A summary of all the settings that you have configured or selected will be displayed. So, carefully review the settings, and if all looks good, click ‘Install’.

On the pop-up that appears, click ‘Install Now’ to confirm.

The installation of Garuda Linux will commence as the installer copies the files from the installation medium to the hard drive. This takes about 30 minutes, so you can take a breather.

Once the installation is complete, click ‘Restart’ and then click ‘Done’ to reboot in order to log in to your new Garuda installation.

Once the system is rebooted, you will get the following Garuda assistance pop-up prompting you to apply system updates. So, click ‘Ok’.

This opens a terminal on which the update of the packages will take place. Authenticate with your password and press ENTER.

Once the update is complete, you will then be required to log in using your password.

Conclusion

This concludes this guide on the installation of Garuda Linux. All the best as you get started out with one of the most visually appealing Arch-based Linux distributions.

In this post, we will show you how to create a sudo user on Ubuntu Linux.

Sudo user is a regular user in Linux who has some admin rights to perform administrative task on the system. In Linux, root is the super user who has full admin rights, but it not recommended to give root credentials other users or to work on a system as root user.

So, the best practice is to create a regular user and assign sudo rights.  By doing so we can track which user has executed which commands using sudo logs (/var/log/auth.log).

When we install Ubuntu Desktop or Ubuntu server then a group named ‘sudo’ is created automatically. If we add any regular user to that sudo group then that user will have sudo admin rights.

Creating Sudo User from Command Line

In this post, we have tested following commands on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish). To create new sudo user, open the terminal and switch to root user and run following command,

# adduser <user-name>

Example,

# adduser sysops

This command will prompt to set password of sysops user and other details as shown below,

Output of id command confirms that sysops user is created successfully, now add this user to sudo group using usermod command,

# usermod -aG sudo sysops
# id sysops

Output,

To add an existing user to sudo group, run

# usermod -aG sudo <<Exiting-User-Name>>

Testing Sudo User Access

To test sudo access, switch to sudo user and try to run some admin commands by placing sudo in front of command.

# su – sysops
$ sudo ls -l /root
$ sudo apt update

As we can see above, sysops user is able to run admin commands by putting sudo in front of each command. When we run the command with sudo first time then it will prompt you to enter user’s password and will save it for next 5 minutes. After that interval, it will prompt to enter password again while executing sudo command.

Creating new sudo user from Desktop Environment (GUI)

If you are not comfortable with command line and wants to create a new sudo user from GUI then refer the below steps.

From the Activity, search users and click on user’s icon as show below,

It will take us to the following window, click on unlock and enter your user’s password,

After entering the credentials, click on Add User option and specify the user details like full name, username, standard or administrator (sudo) and password.

Click on Add,

Great, above window shows that sysops user is created as a sudo user (administrator). To start using this user, logout and login with this user.

That’s all from this post. we hope you have learnt how to create a sudo user on ubuntu Linux from command line and desktop environment (GUI). Please don’t hesitate to post your queries and feedback in below comments section.

Are you looking for an easy guide on how to install docker on openSUSE Linux?

The instructions on this page will show you how to install docker on openSUSE Leap 15.4.

Docker provides software platform where we can build, test and package application in a container image. Using the container image, we can quickly deploy application because that container image will have all the libraries, code, system tools and run time.

Prerequisites

• Pre-Installed openSUSE Leap 15.4
• Local user with sudo rights
• Internet Connectivity

Without further ado, let’s jump into Docker installation steps.

1) Install Updates

Login to your openSUSE system and open the terminal and run following zypper command to install updates,

sudo zypper refresh
sudo zypper update -y

Once all the updates are applied, then reboot the system,

sudo reboot

2) Install docker with zypper command

Docker package and its dependencies are available in the default repositories of openSUSE Leap 15.4, run following zypper command to install docker,

sudo zypper install -y docker

Once the docker package installation is completed, start its service in the next step.

3) Start and enable docker service

Run the following systemctl commands to start and enable docker service,

sudo systemctl start docker
sudo systemctl enable docker

To verify the docker service status, run

sudo systemctl status docker

Execute the beneath command to view docker version,

sudo docker version

As you can see above, we have used sudo in front of docker command, so to allow local user to run docker command without sudo then add your local user to docker group as shown below,

sudo usermod -aG docker $USER
newgrp docker

4) Test docker installation

To test docker installation, let’s spin up a container using hello-world docker image,

docker run hello-world

Above informational message confirms that docker installation is successful.

Remove Docker

To remove docker from your system, run following set of commands,

sudo zypper remove docker
sudo rm -rf /var/lib/docker
sudo rm -rf /var/lib/containerd

That’s all from this guide, please do submit your queries and feedback in below comments section.

In this post, we will explain how to install Node.js on RHEL 9 system step-by-step.

Built on Google’s V8 Javascript engine, Node.js is a free and opensource, cross-platform JavaScript runtime that is mostly used for building server-side applications. It uses an event-driven and asynchronous model that helps developers build highly scalable, data-intensive real-time applications (RTAs ). You can use NodeJS to build both front-end and back-end applications.

Node.js is commonly used in building the following applications:

• Chat applications
• Streaming applications
• Browser games
• Command-line tools
• Embedded systems

Top companies that use NodeJS in their tech stacks include PayPal, Netflix, and Uber to mention a few.

There are three main ways of installing Node.JS:

1. Installing Node.JS from the NodeSource repository
2. Installing Node.JS from the distribution’s Official repository
3. Installing Node.JS using NVM

Let us check out how to install Node.JS on RHEL 9 using each of these methods.

Prerequisites

• Minimal Installed RHEL 9 System
• Sudo User with admin rights
• Internet Connectivity
• Red Hat Subscription or locally configured repository

Installing Node.js from NodeSource Repository

NodeSource is a technology company that seeks to help organizations run production-ready Node.Js applications with more focus on resource usage and enhanced security and application performance. It provides the latest versions of Node.JS and NPM.

To install Node.SJ from Nodesource, first, update the system packages as shown.

$ sudo dnf update -y

Next, install the required build tools which will be required during the installation of Node.JS. These include the GCC c/c++ compiler, Perl, and Python debuggers to mention a few.

$ sudo dnf groupinstall 'Development Tools' -y

Next, we are going to install Node.JS 18.x from Nodesource. To do this, download and run the NodeSource setup script as follows.

$ curl -fsSL https://rpm.nodesource.com/setup_18.x | sudo bash -

The script adds the Nodesource repository to your system among other tasks

At the tail end of the output, you will see some additional instructions provided on how to install Node.JS and npm.

Therefore, to install Node.JS and npm (Node Package Manager), run the command:

$ sudo dnf install nodejs -y

Once the installation is complete, verify the version of Node.JS and NPM as shown.

$ node -v
$ npm -v

The output shows that we are running Node v18.12 which is the latest LTS release and NPM 8.19.2.

Installing Node.js from the official RHEL repositories

The other way of installing NodeJS and NPM is by installing them from your distribution’s official repository. However, this approach does not provide the latest versions.

If you don’t mind not installing the latest versions of Node and NPM. , then run the following command on the command line.

$ sudo dnf update -y
$ sudo dnf install nodejs npm -y

Installing Node.js using NVM

Lastly, you can install Node.JS using NVM ( Node Version Manager) which is a tool for managing Node versions on your system. The tool helps developers work efficiently on different projects which require different versions of Node.JS

NVM is not installed by default You need to install it by running the Shell script which is available on the Official GitHub Page.

$ curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.39.2/install.sh | bash

This downloads and saves nvm in the .nvm directory in your home directory.

Once installed, close your terminal sessions and open a new terminal. Then run the following command to confirm that NVM has been installed.

$ command -v nvm

Next, you can list all the available versions of Node.JS using the following command:

$ nvm ls-remote

Alternatively, you can list all the latest LTS releases for Node.JS versions as shown.

$ nvm ls-remote | grep -i latest

To install the very latest version of Node.JS (currently v19.0.0 ), run the command:

$ nvm install node

You can then verify the version of Node installed as shown.

$ node -v

In addition, you can install a specific version of Node. JS. For example, to install v18.2.0, run the command:

$ nvm install v18.12.0

To list all the installed versions of NodeJS on your system, run the command:

$ nvm ls

The first entry with the sign ( – > ) points to the version of Node.JS that is currently in use. This is then followed by other versions as indicated below

To switch to another version of Node.JS, use the syntax:

$ nvm use <version>

For example, to use Node version 19.0.0, run the command:

$ nvm use 19.0.0

Again, check the installed versions of Node.JS, and this time the  ( – > ) sign will point to v19.0.0

Conclusion

In this guide, we have demonstrated how to install Node.js using three different methods. In addition, we have provided a few ways in which you can manage the Node versions using NVM. We hope that you can now comfortably install NodeJS on RHEL and choose the version that you want to work with on your project.

Sometimes, you might want to delete some disk partitions on your Linux system to recover or regain some storage space. You can easily accomplish this on the command line with a few simple steps.

In this guide, we will demonstrate how you can delete a partition in Linux step-by-step. We will start off by deleting a standard partition and then deleting an LVM partition.

Delete a standard partition using the fdisk utility

The fdisk tool, also known as format disk, is a Linux utility that ships by default with every modern Linux distribution. The tool provides disk partitioning functions such as creating and deleting disk partitions, modifying the partition table, and printing the disk partitions to mention just a few.

Before deleting a partition, it is always advised to back up any data on it.

In our setup, we have a USB drive attached to the system with two partitions: /dev/sdc1 and /dev/sdc2. To confirm the existence of the partitions, we will run the fdisk utility as follows.

$ sudo fdisk -l /dev/sdc

You can also run the command to list the partitions on the block volume as shown.

$ lsblk | grep sdc

We are going to delete the second partition /dev/sdc2 using the fdisk utility.

To get started, invoke the fdisk command-line tool.

$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdc

This launches an interactive command-line prompt. Type ‘p’ to print the current partition table of the drive. The output below confirms the existence of the two partitions.

Since our mission is to delete the second partition, we will type ‘d’  for delete and press ENTER. Next, specify the partition number of the drive to be deleted – in this case, partition number 2  which corresponds to /dev/sdc2.

You will get the message: Partition 2 has been deleted.

To save the changes made to the partition table, type ‘w’ to write changes and press ENTER.

To verify that the volume has been deleted, once again, run the fdisk utility as follows.

$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdc

When prompted for the command, type ‘p’ for print to view the partition table. This time around, only one partition is listed – /dev/sdc1. This confirms that we have successfully deleted the second partition.

How to delete an LVM partition

LVM (Logical Volume Management ) is a storage concept that combines multiple disk partitions or hard drives into a single volume group (VG). The volume group can, hence, be used as a single large volume or sub-divided into other logical volumes (LV)

In this setup, we have a volume group called vg01 mounted on a mount point called /data.

$ df -Th | grep -i /data

You can also run the lvs command to list the Logical Volume and Volume Groups.

$ sudo lvs

We are going to delete lv01 Logical Volume from the vg01 Volume Group.

To do so, first, delete the Logical Volume entry from the /etc/fstab file.

$ cat /etc/fstab
...
/dev/mapper/vg01-lv01    /data    ext4    defaults     0 0
...

Save the changes and exit the file. Next, unmount the directory on which the Logical Volume is mounted.

$ sudo umount /data

Next, disable the Logical Volume Group.

$ sudo lvchange -an /dev/vg01/lv01

Be sure to delete the LVM volume. When prompted, type ‘y’ to proceed

$ sudo lvremove /dev/vg01/lv01

Next, disable the Volume Group.

$ sudo vgchange -an vg01

Thereafter, delete the Volume Group.

$ sudo vgremove vg01

Finally, delete the physical volumes that were used to create the Volume Group called vg01. In this case, these were /dev/sdb1 and /dev/sdb2.

$ sudo pvremove /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2

When you run the lvs command again, you won’t get any output. This is a confirmation that the LVM volume has successfully been deleted.

$ sudo lvs

Conclusion

And it’s a wrap. We have successfully demonstrated how you can delete a standard and an LVM partition in Linux. We hope you were able to follow along and implement the steps to delete disk partitions on your system.

Also Read: How to Create LVM Partition Step-by-Step in Linux

Hello Readers, in this post we will cover 26 useful examples of find command in linux.

What is the use of find command?

find command in Linux & UNIX systems used to find files and directories and can perform subsequent actions on them.

With the help of find command, system admin can look for the files that are needed based on a number of search criteria. we can use single or combine a number of criteria and then we can perform actions on the result obtained. Search criteria can be based on   file name, directory name, creation date, modification date, owner and permissions.

Syntax of find command,

$ find <path> {file-or-directory-name} <options> <action-on-result>

Actions on find command result can be

• – delete :  Delete files or directories
• -exec command {}\;  : Run the command on the result obtained from find command
• -ok command : It will run command same as -exec but it will prompt before the actual execution.

Without any further delay let’s jump into find command examples,

1) Find all files and directories of present working directory

To find only directories from your present working directories, run

$ find . -type d

To search all the files only & not directories, run

$ find . -type f

2) Lists all the files of particular directory

To find all the files of particular directory, let’s suppose we want to list all files and directories of /home/linuxtechi/Downloads folder, run

$ find /home/linuxtechi/Downloads

To find only files, run

$ find /home/linuxtechi/Downloads -type f

Run following command to find only directories,

$ find /home/linuxtechi/Downloads -type d

output of above commands,

3) Find a file with name from a directory

To look for a file by its name in a particular directory, run

$ sudo find /home -type f -name cleanup.sh

Above command will look for cleanup.sh file in /home folder. We can also look for all the files with .log extension in /var/log folder, run

$ sudo find /var/log -type f -name *.log

4) Find files in multiple directories

Let’s assume we want to find .sh extension files in /home and /root folder, run

$ sudo find /home /root -type f -name '*.sh'

5) Find a file with name ignoring case

To look for file with its name irrespective of the case i.e. whether its upper case or lower case, we can use ‘-iname’ option in find command.

$ sudo find /home -type f -iname CleanUP.SH
/home/linuxtechi/automation/cleanup.sh
$

The result of the command will find the file with name cleanup.sh, whether its in lower case or upper case or in mixed cases.

6) Find all file types other than the mentioned type

Let’s suppose we want to find all the files that are not the mentioned type, to achieve this we can use -not option in find command. Example is shown below,

$ sudo find /home -type f -not -name '*.mp3'

7) Find files with multiple conditions

We can also combine more than one condition to search the files using regular expression , Let’s suppose we want to search files of ‘.sh’ and ‘.mp3’ extensions in our home directory, run

$ find $HOME -regex ".*\.\(sh\|mp3\)$"

8) Find files with using OR condition

We can also combine multiple search criteria & then look for the files based on the fulfillment of any of the one condition using OR operator,

$ find $HOME -name "*.sh" -o -name "jumpscripts"
/home/linuxtechi/automation/cleanup.sh
/home/linuxtechi/dumpdata.sh
$

9) Find files based on their permissions

To look for files based on the permissions, use -perm option in find command. Find all files in /home folder with permissions ‘0777’, run

$ sudo find /home -type f -perm 0777

Find all the executable scripts in user’s home directory

$ find $HOME -type f -perm /a+x

10) Find all the hidden files

To search for all the hidden files in user’s home directory, run the command

$ find $HOME -type f -name ".*"

11) Find all the files with SGID

To locate all the files with SGID bits, we can use

$ sudo find / -perm /g=s

12) Find all the files with SUID

To locate all the files with SUID bits, run

$ sudo find / -perm /u=s

13) Find all files which are readable but don’t have execute permissions

To only look for the files that are readable by everybody but can not be executed by anybody, run

$ find $HOME -perm -a+r \! -perm /a+x

14) Search Several File types

In single find command, we can search multiple file types,

$ find $HOME -type f,d,l

15) Find all the files owned by a user

To locate all the file that are owned by a particular user in /home directory, run following command,

$ sudo find $HOME -user linuxtechi

16) Find all the files owned by a group

To locate all the files that are owned by a particular group, below command will search all files which are owned by apache group.

$ sudo find / -group apache

17) Find files based on their size

Use ‘-size’ option in find command to search files based on the size. Run following command to find all files whose size is exactly 50MB.

$ find $HOME -size 50M
/home/linuxtechi/dbstuff
$

Find files whose is size greater than 50MB,

$ find $HOME -size +50M

Search files whose size is less than 50MB

$ find $HOME -size -50M

Find all files whose size is in range between 40MB to 500MB

$ find $HOME -size +40M -size -500M

18) Do not descend directories on other filesystems

The option -xdev in find command to list mount points or partitions in another file system, but it doesn’t descend into them.

Beneath command will search all files whose size is more than 100MB in / file system and exclude other mounted file system moreover it will redirect error message to /dev/null

$ find / -xdev -size +100M 2>/dev/null

19) Find files that are modified N days ago

For example, we want to locate all the files that have been modified 10 days ago. We can accomplish that using ‘-mtime’ option in find command

$ sudo find / -mtime 10 2>/dev/null

20) Find files that have been accessed N days ago

Similarly like above example, we can also locate files that have been accessed 30 days ago using ‘-atime’,

$ sudo find / -atime 30 2>/dev/null

21) Find all the empty files and directories

To search all the empty files in user’s home directory, run

$ find $HOME -type f -empty
or 
$ find $HOME -type f -size 0

Similarly, to locate all the empty directories

$ find $HOME -type d -empty

22) Search and delete files

Using find command, we search and delete the files in single command. ‘-delete’ option in find command can delete files.

In following example, we are searching and deleting mp3 files from user’s home directory

$ find $HOME -type f -name "*.mp3" -delete

Note : Above is destructive command, be careful while executing it.

23) Find largest and smallest files

To find largest and smallest file, we will combine sort command with find command & if we further want to list top three of those largest files, we will combine head command.

To list top three files in the user’s home directory, run

$ find $HOME -type f -exec ls -s {} \; | sort -n -r | head -3
51200 /home/linuxtechi/dbstuff
8276 /home/linuxtechi/.cache/gnome-software/appstream/components.xmlb
2764 /home/linuxtechi/.local/share/gnome-photos/tracker3/private/meta.db-wal
$

We can similarly find the smallest files in the user’s home directory,

$ find $HOME -type f -exec ls -s {} \; | sort -n | head -3

24) Find all log files and redirect them to a file

To run command on find command result use -exec option, it’s syntax given below,

$ find <path> <search-pattern> -exec <command> {} \;

Following command will locate all the files and redirect their names to a file /tmp/logsfiles.txt

$ sudo find /var -type f -name '*.log' -exec ls -lah {} \; > /tmp/logfiles.txt

25) Search Files and change their permissions

Let’s suppose we want to search all files whose permissions is 777 and change their permissions to 644

$ find $HOME -type f -perm 777 -exec chmod 644 {} \;

26) Search Text from files

Let’s assume we want to search error word in all log files, run following command

$ sudo find /var -type f -name '*.log' -exec grep -i 'error' {} \;

In above command we have combined find and grep command to accomplish the task.

That’s all from this post, These were some simple examples demonstrating the functionality of find command & it can be used to perform tedious, repetitive search/locate task more easy.

Read Also: 16 Useful ‘cp’ Command Examples for Linux Beginners

In this article, we will explain how to install PostgreSQL 15 database server on Ubuntu 22.04 (Jammy Jellyfish).

PostgreSQL is a powerful, open-source object-relational Database Management System (DBMS). It’s been battle-tested for over 35 years which has earned it a strong reputation for reliability and performance. This feature-rich database is used by many tech giants, such as Apple, IMDB, Instagram, and so on.

PostgreSQL supports large number of the SQL standard and is constructed to be extensible by users in many aspects. Some of the salient features include ACID transactions, foreign keys, subqueries, triggers, user-defined types, functions, etc.

Prerequisites

Before installing the PostgreSQL server, we must ensure that the system meets the following installation requirements:

• Pre-Installed Ubuntu 22.04
• A regular user with sudo rights
• An active internet connection
• At least 2 GB of RAM with an additional 512 MB of disk space. Please note that this is a minimal requirement for the demo environment. The actual hardware configuration will vary with data volume.

Without any further delay, let’s deep dive into PostgreSQL 15 installation steps,

1) Enable PostgreSQL Package Repository

PostgreSQL 15 package is not available in the default package repository, so enable its official package repository using following commands.

$ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt $(lsb_release -cs)-pgdg main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list'
$ wget -qO- https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc | sudo tee /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/pgdg.asc &>/dev/null

To begin, let’s fetch the latest versions of the packages. We can achieve this using the apt update command as shown below:

$ sudo apt update

The above command will take a few seconds to complete.

2) Install PostgreSQL 15 Database Server and Client

The postgresql package installs the default version of the PostgreSQL database server whereas the postgresql-client package installs the client utility.

Let’s install the PostgreSQL client and server interactively using the below apt command:

$ sudo apt install postgresql postgresql-client -y

Next, let’s verify that the PostgreSQL service is up and running:

$ sudo systemctl status postgresql

Finally, check the PostgreSQL version using the psql command line utility:

$ psql --version

Here, we can see that the version of PostgreSQL is 15.

3) Update PostgreSQL Admin User Password

By default, we can connect to the PostgreSQL server without using any password. Let’s see this in action using the psql utility:

$ sudo -u postgres psql
postgres=#

In the above output, the postgres=#  prompt indicated the active connection with the PostgreSQL server.

In this example, we have used the postgres user. This is an admin user of PostgreSQL and it gets created during the installation process.

Allowing administrative access to the database without any password isn’t a good idea. So, let’s set the password for the postgres user:

postgres=# ALTER USER postgres PASSWORD 'demoPassword';

The above SQL query sets the user password to demoPassword. Please note that, we have used a very simple password because this is a demo environment. However, the same is not recommended in the production environment.

Let’s verify that the password has been set successfully. So first, terminate the current session with the server using the \q command.

postgres=# \q

Output of above commands,

Now, let’s connect to the database server again:

$ psql -h localhost -U postgres

Let’s enter the demoPassword string as a password and now we are connected to the database.

4) Configure PostgreSQL to Allow Remote Connections

By default, PostgreSQL accepts connections from the localhost only. However, we can easily modify the configuration to allow connection from remote clients.

PostgreSQL reads its configuration from the postgresql.conf file which is located in the /etc/postgresql/<version>/main/ directory. Here, the version indicates the major version of PostgreSQL.

For example, in our case the full path of the file is /etc/postgresql/15/main/postgresql.conf.

Now, open the postgresql.conf file in a text editor, uncomment the line that starts with the listen_addresses, and replace ‘localhost’ with ‘*’.

This setting is located under the CONNECTIONS AND AUTHENTICATION section. After modification the file will look like this:

Save and close the file.

Next, edit the IPv4 local connections section of the pg_hba.conf file to allow IPv4 connections from all clients. Please note that this file is also located in /etc/postgresql/15/main/ directory.

$ sudo vi /etc/postgresql/15/main/pg_hba.conf

After modification the file will look like this:

In the above configuration indicates to allow connection from the network 192.168.1.0/24

In case, Ubuntu firewall is running on your system then allow PostgreSQL 5432 port using following command,

$ sudo ufw allow 5432/tcp

Verifying Remote Connection

Finally, restart the service and verify it’s up and running:

$ sudo systemctl restart postgresql
$ sudo systemctl status postgresql

Now, let’s try to access DB from remote client.

$ psql -h 192.168.1.192 -U postgres

In this example, 192.168.1.192 is the IP address of the PostgreSQL database server.

Here we can see that we are able to access DB from the remote client.

That’s all from this article.Please do post your queries and feedback in the below comments section.

Read Also: How to Set Static IP Address on Ubuntu Server 22.04

This post describes how to install latest version of AWS CLI on a linux system step-by-step. AWS CLI is a command line interface which allows us to interact with our AWS account. Developer and sysadmin use aws cli to perform day to day activities and automation.

Prerequisites

• Pre-Installed Linux System
• Sudo User with admin rights
• Internet Connectivity

Without any further delay, let’s jump into AWS Cli installations steps.

1) Download installation file

Open the terminal and run following curl command to download aws cli installation file,

$ curl "https://awscli.amazonaws.com/awscli-exe-linux-x86_64.zip" -o "awscliv2.zip"

Above command will download file as ‘awscliv2.zip’ in current working directory.

Execute below ls command to verify downloaded file,

$ ls -l awscliv2.zip
-rw-rw-r-- 1 linuxtechi linuxtechi 47244662 Oct 20 10:53 awscliv2.zip
$

2) Unzip downloaded installation file

Run beneath unzip command to unzip the installer.

$ unzip awscliv2.zip

It will create aws folder in present working directory and unzip all required files into it.

$ ls -ld aws
drwxr-xr-x 3 linuxtechi linuxtechi 4096 Oct 19 17:18 aws
$

3) Run install script

To install aws cli, run following install script,

$ sudo ./aws/install

Script will install all files under /usr/local/aws-cli and will create symbolic link in /usr/local/bin.

4) Verify AWS CLI version

To verify the aws cli version, run

$ aws --version
aws-cli/2.8.4 Python/3.9.11 Linux/5.15.0-48-generic exe/x86_64.ubuntu.22 prompt/off
$

5) Configure AWS CLI

To verify the AWS Cli installation, let’s configure aws cli.

Login to your AWS management console and retrieve AWS access key id and secret access key.

In case it is not created yet then create access key ID and secret access key. Copy these keys somewhere safe.

Now head back to Linux terminal, run following aws command,

$ aws configure
AWS Access Key ID [None]: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
AWS Secret Access Key [None]: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Default region name [None]: us-west-2
Default output format [None]: json
$

Above credentials will be saved in following file,

$ cat  ~/.aws/credentials

Output of above commands,

Run aws command to list s3 bucket and vpc of your account.

$ aws s3 ls
$ aws ec2 describe-vpcs

Output,

Output above confirms that aws cli has been configured successfully.

That’s all from this post, please do post your queries and feedback in below comments sections.

Also Read: How to Setup EKS Cluster along with NLB on AWS

Hello readers, In this post, we will cover how to get started with shell scripting in Linux or UNIX systems.

What is a Shell?

A shell is an interpreter in UNIX/Linux like operating systems. It takes commands typed by the user and calls the operating system to run those commands. In simple terms a shell acts as form of wrapper around the OS. For example , you may use the shell to enter a command to list the files in a directory , such as ls command , or a command to copy ,such as cp.

$ ls
Desktop Documents Downloads Music Pictures playbook.yaml Public snap Templates test5 Videos
$

In this example , when you simply type ls and press enter . The $ is the shell prompt , which tells you the the shell awaits your commands.The remaining lines are the names of the files in the current directory.

What is Shell Prompt?

The prompt, $, which is called command prompt, is issued by the shell. While the prompt is displayed, you can type a command. The shell reads your input after you press Enter. It determines the command you want executed by looking at the first word of your input. A word is an unbroken set of characters. Spaces and tabs separate words.

What are different types of Shells

since there is no monopoly of shells , you are free to run any shell as you wish. That’s all well and good , but choosing a shell without knowing the alternative is not very helpful. Below are lists of shells available in UNIX/Linux.

The Bourne Shell

The Original Unix Shell is known as sh , short for shell or the Bourne shell , named for steven Bourne , the creator of sh. This is available on almost all the UNIX like operating system. The Basic bourne shell supports only the most limited command line editing, You can type the Characters,remove characters one at a time with the Backspace key and Press enter to execute the command. If command line gets messed up , you can press Ctrl-C to cancel the whole command.

The C Shell

It is desgined by Bill Joy at the university of california at Berkeley , the C shell was so named because much of its syntax parallels that of C programming language. This shell adds some neat features to the Bourne shell,especially the ability to recall previous commands to help create future commands.Because it is very likely you will need to execute more than one command to perform a particular task,this C shell capability is very useful.

The Korn Shell

It is created by David Korn at AT&T Bell laboratories , the korn shell or ksh offers the same kind of enhancements offers by the C Shell , with one important difference: The korn shell is backward compatible with the older Bourne shell Synatx. In UNIX like AIX & HP-UX korn shell is the default shell.

Bash (The Bourne Again Shell)

Bash offers command-line editing like the korn shell,file name completion like the C shell and a lot of other advance features. Many Users view bash as having the best of the Korn and C shells in one shell. In Linux and Mac OS X system , bash is the default shell.

tcsh ( The T C Shell)

Linux systems popularized the T C shell ot Tcsh. Tcsh extends the traditional csh to add command line editing,file name completion and more. For example , tcsh will complete the file and directory names when you press Tab key(the same key used in bash). The older C shell did not support this feature.

What is a Shell Script?

A Shell Script is a text file that contains one or more commands. In a shell script, the shell assumes each line of text file holds a separate command. These Commands appear for most parts as if you have typed them in at a shell windows.

Why to use Shell Script ?

Shell scripts are used to automate administrative tasks,encapsulate complex configuration details and get at the full power of the operating system.The ability to combine commands allows you to create new commands ,thereby adding value to your operating system.Furthermore ,combining a shell with graphical desktop environment allows you to get the best of both worlds.

In Linux system admin profile, day to day repeated tasks can be automated using shell script which saves time and allow admins to work on quality work.

Creating first shell script

Create a text file in your current  working directory with a name myscript.sh , all the shell scripts have an “.sh” extension. First line of a shell script is either #!/bin/sh or #!/bin/bash , it is known as shebang because # symbol is called hash and ! Symbol is called a bang. Where as /bin/sh & /bin/bash shows that commands to be executed either sh or bash shell.

Below are the content of  myscript.sh

#!/bin/bash
# Written by LinuxTechi
echo
echo "Current Working Directory: $(pwd)"
echo
echo "Today' Date & Time: $(date)"
DISK=$(df -Th)
echo
echo "Disk Space on System:"
echo "$DISK"

Above shell script will display the current working , today’s date & time along with file system disk space. We have used echo command and other linux commands to build this script.

Assign the executable permissions using below chmod command

$ chmod a+x myscript.sh

Now execute the script.

$ sh myscript.sh
or
$ ./myscript.sh

Note: To execute any shell script available in current directory, use  ./<script-name> as shown below,

output,

Taking Input from the user in shell script

Read command is used to take inputs from user via keyboard and assign the value to a variable. echo command is used to display the contents.

Let’s modify above script so that it starts taking input,

#!/bin/bash
# Written by LinuxTechi
read -p "Your Name: " NAME
echo
echo "Today' Date & Time: $(date)"
echo
read -p "Enter the file system:" DISK
echo "$(df -Th $DISK)"

Now, try to execute the script this time it should prompt to enter details.

$ ./myscript.sh
Your Name: Pradeep Kumar

Today' Date & Time: Sat 15 Oct 05:32:38 BST 2022

Enter the file system:/mnt/data
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/volgrp01-lv01 ext4 14G 24K 13G 1% /mnt/data
$

Perfect, above output confirms that scripting is prompting for input and processing data.

That’s conclude the post. I hope you have found it informative. Kindly do post your queries and feedback in below comments section.

Read Also: How to Debug a Bash Shell Script in Linux

In this post, we will cover how to set static ip address on Ubuntu server 22.04.

It is highly recommended to have a static ip on linux server because it would be persistent across the reboot. Static IP plays an important role for servers like Mail Server, Web Server and File server etc.

Prerequisites

• Minimal Installed Ubuntu Server 22.04
• Regular User with sudo admin rights

In Ubuntu server 22.04, networking is controlled by netplan utility, so we will use netplan to configure static ip address on Ubuntu server.

Note: we cannot use nmcli utiltity as it is not the part of default installation on Ubuntu server.

Setting up Static IP address on Ubuntu Server 22.04

Login to your Ubuntu server 22.04, look for the netplan configuration file. It is located under /etc/netplan directory.

$ cd /etc/netplan/
$ ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 116 Oct 12 04:03 00-installer-config.yaml
$

Run below cat command to view the contents of ‘00-installer-config.yaml’

Note: Name of configuration file may differ as your per setup. As it is an yaml file, so make sure to maintain the indentation and syntax while editing.

$ cat 00-installer-config.yaml

Output,

As per above output, it says that we have ens33 interface and it is getting ip from dhcp server. Alternate way to view interface name is via ip command.

Now, to configure static ip in place of dhcp, edit netplan configuration file using vi or nano editor and add the following content.

$ sudo vi 00-installer-config.yaml
# This is the network config written by 'subiquity'
network:
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    ens33:
      addresses:
        - 192.168.1.247/24
      nameservers:
        addresses: [4.2.2.2, 8.8.8.8]
      routes:
        - to: default
          via: 192.168.1.1
  version: 2

save and close the file.

In the above file we have used following,

• ens33 is the interface name
• addresses are used to set the static ip
• nameservers used to specify the DNS server ips
• routes used to specify the default gateway

Note: Change the IP details and interface name as per your environment.

To make above changes into the effect the apply these changes using following netplan command,

$ sudo netplan apply

Run following ip command to view the ip address on interface,

$ ip addr show ens33

To view the default route, run

$ ip route show

Output of above commands,

Perfect, above commands’ output confirms that static ip and route has been configured successfully.

That’s all from this post. Kindly do post your queries and feedback in below comments section.

In this guide, we explore how you can implement a dual-boot setup of Linux Mint 21 (Vanessa) alongside Windows 11.

If you are running Windows on your PC and want to try out Linux, one of the options is to install a hypervisor on which you can create and run Linux VMs. While this is okay, it does not allow you to reap the full benefits of your Linux system. This is because some of the features are unavailable or do not work as expected in a virtual environment.

The other alternative is to install Linux alongside Windows in such a way that only one operating system can run at a time. During boot time, you can choose which OS to login into and run. It’s also worth noting that both systems are installed on separate partitions on the hard drive. As such, no conflict arises between the two systems. This is known as a dual-boot setup and is precisely what we are going to look at.

Prerequisites

To get started with the dual-boot setup, ensure that you have the following things are in place:

• A bootable USB drive ( 8GB or more ) of Linux Mint 21. To create a bootable drive, first, download the Linux Mint 21 ISO image from the Official Linux Mint download page.
• Next, grab the USB drive and make it bootable using Rufus which is a utility for creating bootable USB flash drives.

Step 1) Reserve a free partition for Linux Mint 21

Since you are starting out with Windows 11 as the primary operating system, you need to reserve an additional partition on which Linux Mint 21 will be installed.

To accomplish this, first launch the disk management utility, to do this, press Windows Key + R. Then type diskmgmt.msc and hit ENTER.

The disk management console pops open as shown. It displays a list of available disk partitions on the system.  In our setup, we have two partitions that are available to the system for data storage: C and D. This might vary in your setup. We are going to shrink Volume D and create an additional partition for Linux Mint 21.

Right-click on the volume that you want to shrink and select ‘Shrink’.

In the dialogue that appears, specify the amount of space to shrink the volume in MB and click ‘Shrink’. In our case, we will shrink by 25GB which is the free space that will be reserved for Linux Mint.

From the screen below, we can see that we now have a partition labeled ‘Free Space’

From here, now plug in the USB installation medium to your PC and reboot it. Be sure to access the BIOS settings and set the USB installation media to have the highest boot priority so that the system can boot from it. Save the changes and reboot.

Step 2) Begin Installation of Linux Mint 21

On the boot-up screen, you will see a GRUB menu as shown below with a list of options displayed. By default, the first option is already selected, and as you might have guessed it right, this is the option that will enable you to kick start the installation process.

Therefore, simply press ‘ENTER’ on the keyboard.

The system will initialize the installer in preparation for the installation process and you will momentarily see the Linux Mint 21 logo.

Shortly thereafter, you will be ushered to the Linux Mint live desktop environment. Take note that Linux Mint is not yet installed on your system. The live environment only allows you to test and run Linux Mint as if it was installed on your system.

Since your objective is to end up with a dual-boot setup, you need to install Linux Mint. Therefore, click the ‘Install Linux Mint’ icon on the desktop.

Step 3) Select Installation language

The installation wizard will start and the first task is to select the installation language. So, select your preferred installation language, and click ‘Continue’.

Step 4) Select Keyboard Layout

Next, select your preferred keyboard layout. You can test the layout by typing a few words in the text field located just below the keyboard layout options. Alternatively, you can click ‘Detect Keyboard Layout’ which automatically detects your keyboard and recommends the best layout.

Once you have selected your keyboard layout, click ‘Continue’.

Step 5) Choose to Install Multimedia Codecs

Next, choose to install multimedia codecs that provide added functionality to your system including playing a wide variety of video formats and better rendering of websites.

Step 6) Partition the Hard Drive

The installer will then present you with two options for partitioning your hard drive:

• Erase disk and install Linux Mint
• Something else

The first option wipes clean the entire disk and hence all the files and programs are deleted. In addition, the option automatically and intelligently partitions your hard drive.

It also offers advanced features such as Encrypting the hard disk using LUKS encryption. This option is mostly recommended for beginners and novices who do not have much experience in manually partitioning the hard drive.

The second option – Something else – provides more control over how you want to partition your hard drive. It allows you to manually configure the disk partitions, hence offering more autonomy and flexibility.  This option is mostly used by intermediate and advanced Linux users who are adept with manual partitioning.

More specifically, it is used when you want to install another operating system on the hard drive, and this is precisely what we will go for since we want a dual boot setup.

So, click ‘Something else’.  This will display all the disk partitions on your hard drive including the Windows NTFS partitions.

To proceed with the disk partitioning, locate the free space that you created in Step 1.

We are going to create the following disk partitions on our hard drive:

• /boot        :          1GB
• /home       :          10GB
• /                :          12GB
• Swap         :          2GB
• EFI             :          500MB

To start creating the partitions, click on the plus tab [+]

For the /boot partition, we will configure the size as 1048MB and use the Ext4 Filesystem and specify the mount point as /boot.

Once done, click ‘OK’

This takes you back to the partition table and this time around, you can see that the /boot partition has been created.

Repeat the same steps and create the /home partition by specifying the values as shown.

For the / (root) partition

For the swap area, specify ‘Swap Area’ in the “Use as:” label.

And finally, create the EFI partition as shown.

Your partition table should look similar to what we have. Next, click ‘Install Now’.

On the pop-up that appears, click ‘Continue’ to write the partition changes to the hard drive.

Step 7) Configure Geographical Location

From here the installation is pretty much forward. The installer will auto-detect your geographical location if you are connected to the internet. Alternatively, you can click anywhere in the world to set your preferred location.

To proceed, click ‘Continue’.

Step 8) Create a Regular Login User

The next step is to create a login user, So proceed and pick your preferred name, computer name, username, and user’s password. Then click ‘Continue’.

Step 9) Continue With the Installation

From here, the installer will copy all the files from the installation media to the hard drive’s Linux partitions. This takes around 30 minutes or so, so just be patient or take a much-deserved break.

Once the installation is complete, click on ‘Restart Now’ to log in to your new Linux Mint 21 installation.

Now remove the installation medium, and press ENTER to reboot the system.

Once the system reboots, you a GRUB menu will be displayed as shown. The first entry allows you to boot into the freshly installed Linux Mint 21 OS while the last option will enable you to boot into Windows 11. You can select either option depending on which system you want to boot into.

\

Conclusion

In this guide, we have demonstrated how to configure a dual boot setup of windows 11 and Linux Mint 21. You now have two separate operating systems, and you can log into and run either of them without affecting the other.

Hello Techies, VMware Workstation is one of the best Virtualization tool used at windows and Linux desktop level. It comes with different two versions, VMware Workstation Player & VMware Workstation Pro. Former is used for non-commercial and offers basic vmware functionalities whereas workstation pro offers advanced features and require license key after 30 days trail duration.

In this guide, we will cover how to install VMware workstation Pro on Debian 11 / 10 step-by-step. At the time of writing this guide, VMware Workstation 16 Pro is available.

Prerequisites

• Pre-Installed Debian 11/10
• Sudo User with admin rights
• 2 CPU (64-bit Processor) and 2 GB RAM
• Minimum 20 GB free disk space
• Internet Connectivity
• AMD-v/VT-d/VT-x extension enabled from the BIOS

Let’s jump into VMware Workstation Pro steps,

1) Install VMware Workstation Pro Dependencies

Open the terminal and execute the beneath commands to install all the required dependencies for VMware workstation pro,

$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install build-essential gcc perl bzip2 dkms make linux-headers-$(uname -r) -y

2) Download VMware Workstation Pro Bundle File

To Download VMware workstation bundle file, visit their official web page

• Download VMware Workstation Pro

Alternatively, we can use following wget command to download vmware workstation,

$ wget https://download3.vmware.com/software/WKST-1624-LX/VMware-Workstation-Full-16.2.4-20089737.x86_64.bundle

3) Start the VMware Workstation Pro Installation

Once the VMware workstation bundle file is downloaded, set the executable permissions using following chmod command,

$ chmod +x VMware-Workstation-Full-16.2.4-20089737.x86_64.bundle

Now,  start the installation by executing the bundle file as shown below,

$ sudo ./VMware-Player-Full-16.2.4-20089737.x86_64.bundle

4) Launch VMWare Workstation Pro

From the Activity, search vmware and click on vmware workstation icon as shown below,

Accept the End User License Agreement

Click on Next

Disable Product Updates on startup

Click Next to proceed further,

Choose ‘No’ to disable CEIP (Customer Experience Improvement Program)

Choose Next,

click on “I want to try VMware Workstation 16 for 30 days” and then click on Finish.

It will prompt you to to enter your user password,

Click on ‘Authenticate’. We will be presented following informational message which says that trail will expire after 30 days.

Choose OK,

This conclude the installation of  VMware Workstation Pro on Debian 11/10. Now, you can start creating Virtual machines in VMware Workstation.

If you are done with VMware Workstation pro and  want to remove it from your system completely then refer the following steps,

Remove / Uninstall VMware Workstation Pro

Open the terminal and execute the following vmware-installer command,

$ sudo vmware-installer -u vmware-workstation

This concludes the guide, I hope these steps help you to install or remove VMware Workstation Pro 16 on your Debian 11/10 system. Please do post your queries and feedback in below comments section.

Also Read:  How To Install VMware Workstation On Ubuntu 22.04 | 20.04

In this guide, we will cover how to create lvm partition step-by-step in Linux.

LVM stands for Logical Volume Management, it is the recommended way to manage disk or storage on Linux systems specially for servers. One of the main advantages of LVM partition is that we can extend its size online without any downtime. LVM partition can also be reduced but it is not recommended.

For the demo purpose, I have attached 15GB disk to my Ubuntu 22.04 system, we will create LVM partition on this disk from the command line.

Prerequisites

• Raw disk attached to Linux system
• Local User with Sudo rights
• Pre-Installed  lvm2 package

Without further ado, let’s deep dive into the steps.

Step 1) Identify new attached raw disk

Login to your system, open the terminal and run following dmesg command,

$ sudo dmesg | grep -i sd

In the output, look for new disk attached of size 15GB,

Alternate way to identify new attached raw disk is via fdisk command,

$ sudo fdisk -l | grep -i /dev/sd

Output,

From output above, it is confirmed that new attached disk is ‘/dev/sdb’

Step 2) Create PV (Physical Volume)

Before start creating pv on disk /dev/sdb, make sure lvm2 package is installed. In case it is not installed, then run following command,

$ sudo apt install lvm2     // On Ubuntu / Debian
$ sudo dnf install lvm2    // on RHEL / CentOS

Run following pvcreate command to create pv on disk /dev/sdb,

$ sudo pvcreate /dev/sdb
  Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created.
$

To verify the pv status run,

$ sudo pvs /dev/sdb
Or
$ sudo pvdisplay /dev/sdb

Step 3) Create VG (Volume Group)

To Create a volume group, we will vgcreate command. Creating VG means adding pv to the volume group.

Syntax :

$ sudo vgcreare <vg_name>  <pv>

In our case, command would be,

$ sudo vgcreate volgrp01 /dev/sdb
  Volume group "volgrp01" successfully created
$

Run following commands to verify the status of vg (volgrp01)

$ sudo vgs volgrp01
Or
$ sudo vgdisplay volgrp01

Output of above commands,

Above output confirms that volume group (volgrp01) of size 15 GiB is created successful and size of one physical extend (PE) is 4 MB. PE size can be changed while creating vg.

Step 4) Create LV (Logical Volume)

Lvcreate command is used to create LV from the VG. Syntax of lvcreate command would look like below,

$ sudo lvcreate -L  <Size-of-LV>  -n <LV-Name>   <VG-Name>

In our case, run following command to create lv of size 14 GB

$ sudo lvcreate -L 14G -n lv01 volgrp01
  Logical volume "lv01" created.
$

Validate the status of lv, run

$ sudo lvs /dev/volgrp01/lv01
or
$ sudo lvdisplay /dev/volgrp01/lv01

Output,

Output above shows that LV (lv01) has been created successfully of size 14 GiB.

Step 5) Format LVM Partition

Use mkfs command to format the lvm partition. In our case lvm partition is /dev/volgrp01/lv01

Note:  We can format the partition either ext4 or xfs, so choose according to your setup and requirement.

Run following command to format LVM partition as ext4 file system.

$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/volgrp01/lv01

Execute beneath command to format the lvm partition with xfs file system,

$ sudo mkfs.xfs /dev/volgrp01/lv01

To use above formatted partition, we must mount it on some folder. So, let’s create a folder /mnt/data

$ sudo mkdir /mnt/data

Now run mount command to mount it on /mnt/data folder,

$ sudo mount /dev/volgrp01/lv01 /mnt/data/
$ df -Th /mnt/data/
Filesystem                Type  Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/volgrp01-lv01 ext4   14G   24K   13G   1% /mnt/data
$

Try to create some dummy file, run following commands,

$ cd /mnt/data/
$ echo "testing lvm partition" | sudo tee  dummy.txt
$ cat dummy.txt
testing lvm partition
$
$ sudo rm -f  dummy.txt

Perfect, above commands output confirm that we can access lvm partition.

To mount above lvm partition permanently, add its entries in fstab file using following echo command,

$  echo '/dev/volgrp01/lv01  /mnt/data  ext4  defaults 0 0' | sudo  tee -a /etc/fstab
$ sudo mount -a

That’s all from this guide, thanks for the reading. Kindly do post your queries and feedback in below comments section.

Read Also: How to Extend XFS Root Partition without LVM in Linux

In this post, we will learn tar command in linux with practical examples.

Tar command is used for creating archive of multiple files and directories into single archive file, extension of archive file will always be ‘.tar’. Tar can further compress the archived file using gzip and bzip2 techniques. Tar stands for ‘Tape archive’ and used to create and extract archive files from the command line. Tar can also be treated as command line backup and restore utility.

Syntax

# tar <options> <files>

Options:

• -c : create a new archive
• -f : Archive file name
• -t, –list : list the contents of an archive
• -x, –extract, –get :  extract files from an archive
• -d, –diff, –compare :  find differences between archive and file system
• –delete : Delete from the archive.
• -r, –append : append files to the end of an archive
• -v : Verbose output
• -u, –update : only append files newer than copy in archive
• -X, –exclude-from=file : exclude patterns listed in file
• -C, –directory=DIR: Change to DIR before performing any operations.
• -j, –bzip2 : Compress and extract archive through bzip2
• -J, –xz : Compress and extrach the archive through xz
• -z, –gzip : Compress and extract the archive through gzip

Note: hyphen ( – ) in the tar command while using options is optional.

Without any further delay, let’s jump into tar command examples.

1) Creating an archive file

Let’s create a tar file of /etc directory and ‘/root/anaconda-ks.cfg’ file, run

# tar -cvf archive.tar /etc /var/log/syslog

Above command will create a tar file with the name “archive.tar” in the current folder. Tar file contains all the files and directories of /etc folder and /var/log/syslog file.

In above command, ‘-c’ option specify to create a tar file, ‘-v’ is used for verbose output and ‘-f’ option is used to specify the archive name.

# ls -l archive.tar
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12554240 Oct 7 08:25 archive.tar
#

2) List content of archive file

Use ‘-t‘ option in tar command to view the content of tar files without extracting it.

# tar -tvf archive.tar

Listing a specific file or directory from tar file. In the below example, we are trying to list whether ‘syslog’ file is there in the tar file or not.

# tar -tvf archive.tar var/log/syslog
-rw-r----- syslog/adm 951215 2022-10-07 08:18 var/log/syslog
#

3)  Append files to the archive

‘-r’ option in the tar command is used to append or add file to existing archive file. Let’s add /var/log/auth.log file to archive.tar, run

# tar -rvf archive.tar /var/log/auth.log

Verify whether file is appended or not, run

# tar -tvf archive.tar var/log/auth.log
-rw-r----- syslog/adm 52790 2022-10-07 08:30 var/log/auth.log
#

Note: In the Compressed tar file we can’t append file or directory.

4) Extract archive file

To extract an archive file, use ‘-x’ option in the tar command as shown below.

# tar -xvf archive.tar

Above command will extract all the files and directories of archive.tar file in the current working directory.

5) Extract tar archive to specific folder

In case you want to extract tar file to a specific folder or directory then use ‘-C’ option followed by path of a folder. Example is shown below

# tar -xvf archive.tar -C /tmp/

6) Extract specific file from tar archive file

Let’s suppose we want to extract “/etc/netplan/01-network-manager-all.yaml” file from the archive under /tmp folder.

Syntax : # tar -xvf {tar-file } {file-to-be-extracted } -C {path-where-to-extract}

# tar -xvf archive.tar etc/netplan/01-network-manager-all.yaml
etc/netplan/01-network-manager-all.yaml
#
# ls -l etc/netplan/01-network-manager-all.yaml
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 104 Aug 9 12:55 etc/netplan/01-network-manager-all.yaml
#

7) Create and compress archive file (gzip)

We can compress archive file while creating it, let’s assume that we want to create a tar file of /etc and /opt folder and also want to compress it using gzip tool. This can be achieved using ‘-z’ option in tar command. Extensions of such tar files will be either tar.gz or .tgz

# tar -zcpvf archive.tar.gz /etc/ /opt/
Or
# tar -zcpvf archive.tgz /etc/ /opt/

8) Create and compress archive file (bzip2)

Let’s assume that we want to create compressed (bzip2) tar file of /etc and /opt folder. This can be achieved by using the option (-j) in the tar command. Extensions of such tar files will be either tar.bz2 or .tbz

# tar -jcpvf archive.tar.bz2 /etc/ /opt/
Or
# tar -jcpvf archive.tbz2 /etc/ /opt/

9) Exclude specific file type while creating archive

Using “–exclude” option in tar command we can exclude the specific file type while creating archive file. Let’s assume we want to exclude the file type of html while creating the compressed tar file, run

# tar -zcpvf archive.tgz /var/ /opt/ --exclude=*.html

10) List the content of compressed archive (tar.gz or .tgz)

Contents of compressed archive with extension tar.gz or .tgz is listed by using the option ‘-t’. Example is shown below :

# tar -tvf archive.tgz | more

output,

11) List the content of compressed archive (tar.bz2 or .tbz2)

Content of tar file with the extensions .bz2 or .tbz2 is viewed by using the option ‘-t’. Example is shown below :

# tar -tvf archive.tbz2 | more
or 
# tar -tvf archive.tar.bz2 | more

12) Extract compressed archive file (tar.gz or .tgz)

tar files with extension tar.gz or .tgz is extracted with option ‘-x’ and ‘-z’ as shown below,

# tar -zxpvf archive.tgz -C /tmp/

Above command will extract tar file under /tmp directory.

Note : Now a days tar command will take care compression file types automatically while extracting, it means it is optional for us to specify compression type in tar command. Example is shown below :

# tar -xpvf archive.tgz -C /tmp/

13) Extract compressed archive (tar.bz2 or .tbz2)

Archive files with extension tar.bz2 or .tbz2 is extracted using the option ‘-j’ and ‘-x’. Example is shown below

# tar -jxpvf archive.tbz2 -C /tmp/
Or
# tar xpvf archive.tbz2 -C /tmp/

14) Scheduling backup with tar command

There are some real time scenarios where we have to create tar file of specific files and directories for backup purpose on daily basis. Let’s suppose we have to take backup of whole /opt folder on daily basis, this can be achieved by creating a cron job of tar command. Example is shown below :

# tar -zcvf optbackup-$(date +%Y-%m-%d).tgz /opt/

Create a cron job for above command.

15) Create and compressed archive file with -T and -X option

In day to day activities, system admins might require to exclude and include files while creating archive using tar command. This can be achived by using include ( -T) and exclude (-X) file in tar command.

In tar command input file is specified after ‘-T’ option and file which consists of exclude list is specified after ‘-X’ option.

Let’s assume we want to archive and compress the directories like /etc , /opt and /home and want to exclude the file ‘/etc/sysconfig/kdump‘ and ‘/etc/sysconfig/foreman‘, Create a text file ‘/root/tar-include’ and ‘/root/tar-exclude’ and put the following contents in respective file.

# cat /root/tar-include
/etc
/opt
/home
#
# cat /root/tar-exclude
/etc/sysconfig/kdump
/etc/sysconfig/foreman
#

Now run the below command,

# tar zcpvf mybackup-$(date +%Y-%m-%d).tgz -T /root/tar-include -X /root/tar-exclude

16) View the size of .tar, .tgz and .tbz2 file

Use the following tar commands to view the size compressed archive files.

# tar -czf - data.tar | wc -c
427
# tar -czf - archive.tgz | wc -c
1450527
#
# tar -czf - archive.tbz2 | wc -c
1206287
#

17) Split big tar file into smaller files

In Linux like operating system big file is divided or split into smaller files using split command. Big tar file can also be divided into the smaller parts using split command.

Let’s assume we want to split ‘bigarchive.tgz‘ file into smaller parts of each 6 MB.

Syntax :  split -b <Size-in-MB> <tar-file-name>.<extension> “prefix-name”

# split -b 6M bigarchive.tgz bigarchive-parts

Above command will split the bigarchive.tgz file into the smaller files each of size 6 MB in current working directory and split file names will starts from bigarchive-partsaa … bigarchive-partsag. In case if you want to append numbers in place of alphabets then use ‘-d’ option in above split command.

# ls -l bigarchive-parts*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6291456 Oct 7 10:43 bigarchive-partsaa
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6291456 Oct 7 10:43 bigarchive-partsab
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6291456 Oct 7 10:43 bigarchive-partsac
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6291456 Oct 7 10:43 bigarchive-partsad
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6291456 Oct 7 10:43 bigarchive-partsae
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6291456 Oct 7 10:43 bigarchive-partsaf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6291456 Oct 7 10:43 bigarchive-partsag
#

Now we can move these files into another server over the network and then we can merge all the files into a single tar compressed file using below cat command.

# cat bigarchive-parts* > bigarchive.tgz
#

That’s all from post, I hope you have learned tar command with above practical examples. Please share your queries and feedback in below comments section.

Also Read : How to Compare Files in Linux with diff Command

In this guide, we will cover how to install latest version of HAProxy on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (Focal Fossa) step-by-step.

HAProxy is a free & open source solution for High availability and load balancing, it can also be used for proxying TCP & HTTP based applications. HAProxy can be installed and configured on Linux, Solaris & FreeBSD. HAProxy is best recommended solution for the websites which has huge traffic as it improves performance & reliability of the server by means of load balancing the servers & using its high availability capabilities.

HAProxy is used by a number of most popular websites including GitHub, Bitbucket, Stack Overflow, Reddit, Tumblr, Twitter and it is also used in the OpsWorks product from Amazon Web Services.

Prerequisites

• Minimal Installed Ubuntu 20.04 System
• Local User with sudo rights
• Internet connectivity

Without any further delay, let’s deep dive into HAPorxy installation steps.

Step 1) Install Updates

Login to Ubuntu 20.04 system and install all the available updated using beneath apt command,

$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt upgrade -y

Once all the updates are installed, reboot the system once.

$ sudo reboot

Step 2) Install latest HAProxy

HAProxy package is available in the default package repositories but it is not the latest and stable version. So to install latest version, enable HAProxy PPA, run

$ sudo apt install software-properties-common
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:vbernat/haproxy-2.6 -y

Now, run following apt command to install haproxy

Note: At the time of writing this article, HAProxy 2.6 is available via PPA.

$ sudo apt update$ sudo apt install haproxy -y

To verify the haproxy version, run

$ haproxy -v'

Haproxy service starts automatically when we install haproxy package. To validate the haproxy service status, run following

$ sudo systemctl status haproxy

output,

Step 3) Configure HAProxy

Now we have haproxy ready. For purpose of this guide, we will configure HAProxy to load balance the requests from a mail server & a web server.

Load balancing a Mail server with HAProxy

For this example, we will be using two SMTP servers with the IP adresse 192.168.1.10 & 192.168.1.20 respectively.

The IP address for haproxy server is 192.168.1.100.

We will now make the changes to main HAProxy configuration file i.e. ‘/etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg’ and then make the configuration changes for load balancing the two SMTP servers,

Before making the changes, take backup of its configuration file using cp command.

$ sudo cp /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg-org

Now the make the changes, add the following frontend‘ & ‘backend‘ section at the end of the file.

$ sudo vi /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
-------------------------------
frontend front_smtp
        bind *:25
        mode tcp
        default_backend back_smtp

backend back_smtp
        mode tcp
        balance roundrobin
        server smtp1 192.168.1.10:25 check
        server smtp2 192.168.1.20:25 check

Here most of the options have been set by default, main things to change here are ‘frontend‘ & ‘backend‘ sections.

frontend front_smtp

              bind *:25

              mode tcp

              default_backend back_smtp

Here we have defined a name for frontend i.e. front_smtp & have asked to take all the request from port 25 with bind parameter, laslty we have mentioned the backend section with the name ‘back_smtp’ where all the requests will be distributed.

backend back_smtp

            mode tcp

            balance roundrobin

            server smtp1 192.168.1.10:25 check

            server smtp2 192.168.1.20:25 check

In this section, we have established a name for backend i.e. back_smtp & mode for the transmission will be tcp load balancing method to be used is ‘roundrobin‘. Other load balancing methods that can be used are Weighted round robin, Dynamic round robin algorithm,Least connection algorithm, Source. Lastly we have mentioned the server addresses for both SMTP servers.

Once the changes have been made, save the file & restart the haproxy service to implement the changes,

$ sudo systemctl restart haproxy

Our Haproxy server is now ready to work as load balancer for mail server. Now rather than using the SMTP server addresses, we need to use the server address for HAPROXY i.e. 192.168.1.100:25 for haproxy loadbalancing to work.

To check out if the load balancing for our smtp server is working we can use telnet,

Output of telnet command should be something like below:

$ telnet 192.168.1.100 25
Trying 192.168.1.100..
Connected to 192.168.1.100.
Escape character is ‘^]’.
220 smtp1.linuxtechi.com ESMTP Postfix

Now again run the telnet command,

$ telnet 192.168.1.100 25
Trying 192.168.1.100..
Connected to 192.168.1.100.
Escape character is ‘^]’.
220 smtp2.linuxtechi.com ESMTP Postfix

Notice the change in the server of the mail servers in both the outputs, which shows that the load balancing is working fine. Now let’s discuss a harpoxy example for load balancing a web server.

Load balancing a Web server with HAProxy

Same file will be edited ‘/etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg’. We will be using two web servers (192.168.1.10 & 192.168.1.20) on backend.  IP address for the haproxy server is 192.168.1.100.

Open the haproxy main configuration file and append following changes at the end of file

$ sudo vi /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg

------------
frontend www-http
        bind *:80
        mode http
        default_backend apache

backend apache
        mode http
        balance roundrobin
        server web1 192.168.1.10
        server web2 192.168.1.20

Save the file & restart the haproxy service to implement the changes,

$ sudo systemctl restart haproxy

To test out if the load balancing is working, we can place two different web pages on both server. Like for example, we can modify index.html on Webserver 1,

[linuxtechi@web1 ~]$ sudo vi /var/www/html/index.html
This is WEB SERVER 1

& similarly on Web server 2, we can edit the index.html to say,

[linuxtechi@web2 ~]$ sudo vi /var/www/html/index.html
This is WEB SERVER 2

Don’t forget to restart the web service to implement the changes that have been made.

Now, use the haproxy IP address, 192.168.1.100 & access it using a web browser.

Every time we refresh the browser, we should the alternating web pages from both web servers.

This shows that our webserver load balancing also working fine. That’s all from from this guide, I hope, you have successfully installed HAProxy on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (Focal Fossa). Please feel free to send in your queries or suggestions using the comment box below.

In this guide, we will cover how to install virtualbox on Debian 11 (Bullseye) step-by-step.

VirtualBox is a free and open-source virtualization software used at desktop level. It is available for both Linux and Windows operating system. VirtualBox allows to spin up multiple virtual machines of different operating systems. It is used to setup test environment on laptop or desktop by creating virtual machines.

Prerequisites

• Pre-Installed Debian 11
• User with sudo rights
• Internet connectivity

Without any further delay, let’s dive into VirtualBox installation steps.

Step1) Add VirtualBox Repository

VirtualBox debian package is not included in the default package repositories, so we to have add its official repository.

Login to your Debian 11 system and open the terminal and run the following commands to import gpg key of Virtualbox repository.

$ sudo apt install curl wget gnupg2 lsb-release -y
$ curl -fsSL https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox_2016.asc|sudo gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/vbox.gpg
$ curl -fsSL https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox.asc|sudo gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/oracle_vbox.gpg

Now, run beneath command to add repository

$ echo "deb [arch=amd64] http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian $(lsb_release -cs) contrib" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/virtualbox.list

Step 2) Install VirtualBox with apt command

Run the following apt command to install latest virtualbox,

$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install linux-headers-$(uname -r) dkms -y
$ sudo apt install virtualbox-6.1 -y

Once the installation is completed, try to launch it in the next step.

Step 3) Launch VirtualBox

Search virtualbox from Activity as shown below,

Click on VirtualBox Icon

Perfect, above confirms that virtualbox has been launched successfully. To add some additional features to virtualbox then install it’s extension pack.

Step 4) Install VirtualBox Extension Pack

Virtualbox extension pack will add following features to virtualbox :

• Support for USB 2.0/3.0
• VirtualBox RDP
• Disk encryption
• NVMe and PXE boot for Intel cards

Use following wget command to download extension pack file.

$ wget https://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/6.1.38/Oracle_VM_VirtualBox_Extension_Pack-6.1.38.vbox-extpack

Once the file is downloaded then run below vboxmanage command to install it.

$ sudo vboxmanage extpack install Oracle_VM_VirtualBox_Extension_Pack-6.1.38.vbox-extpack

It will prompt you to accept license terms and conditions. Press ‘y’ to accept and finish installation

To validate extension pack installation, head back to virtualbox gui,

Go to File –> Preferences –> Extensions

That’s all from this tutorial, I hope you guys got an idea how to install virtualbox and its extension pack on Debian 11. Please do share your queries and feedback in below comments section.

In this post, we will learn how to install FileZilla on Fedora 36 workstation

FileZilla is a free and open source fully featured graphical FTP, FTPS and SFTP client. It is cross platform software so it can be installed on both Windows and Linux like operating systems. Filezilla code is written mainly in C++ and Wxwidgets.

Features of FileZilla

• Support File transfer protocols like FTP, FTPS and SFTP
• Control Upload and Download Speed
• Filtering connection based on IP address
• Directory Comparison
• Remote file Editing
• IPv6 support

Prerequisites

• Pre-Installed Fedora 36 Workstation
• Sudo User with admin rights
• Internet Connecitivity

Filezilla on Fedora 36 workstation can be installed via two different methods.

Installing FileZilla from Command Line

Login to your Fedora 36 system and run the beneath commands from the terminal to install latest version of FileZilla.

Note: At the time of writing this post, FileZilla 3.60 is available in Fedora package repositories.

$ sudo dnf install filezilla -y

Once the Installation is completed, verify the filezilla version, run

$ filezilla --version
Reading locale option from /home/linuxtechi/.config/filezilla/filezilla.xml
FileZilla 3.60.1, compiled on 2022-06-02
$

Installing Filezilla from GUI

From Activity search ‘Software’ as shown, Software is application manager for Gnome Desktop environment.

Click on Software Icon

Click on ‘FileZilla’ image

Click on ‘Install’ option to initiate the installation.

Access Filezilla

To access Filezilla client, search filezilla from the Acitivity as shown below,

Click on Filezilla icon then we will get following FileZilla GUI,

Now Connect to your FTP server by specifying the host ip, user name, password and its port

Once the authentication is verified and certificate is accepted then we will successfully get the remote server sftp directory. Example is shown is below:

Remove (or Uninstall Filezilla)

To Remove filezilla from your Fedora 36 workstation, run following dnf command.

$ sudo dnf remove filezilla -y

That’s all from this post, I hope you have found it informative. Don’t hesitate to post queries and feedback in below comments section.

Read Also: How to Install KVM on Fedora 36 (Step by Step)

In this guide, we will learn how to install Atom Text Editor on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish).

Atom is a free and open-source text editor for Linux, Windows and MacOS operating system.It is based on Electron (CoffeeScript /Javascript/HTML) and can also be be used as IDE (integrated development environment). Atom is developed and maintained by GitHub Inc. and is also known as “hackable text editor“.

Features of Atom Text Editor

• Support Cross Platform Editing – Atom is platform independent so we can use it on MacOS, Windows and Linux
• Smart Auto-completion – It helps us to develop the code faster with smart and flexible autocomplete feature
• Built-in Package Manager – We can install new package and can create our own packages with in the Atom
• File system Browser – From atom window we can easily browse a file, project or multiple projects.
• Find and Replace – Atom supports easy way to find, preview and replace text in a file or across all your projects.
• Support Multiple Panes – We can easily split atom interface into multiple panes to compare and to edit code across the files.

Without any further delay, let’s dive into Atom installation steps.

Installing Atom from Command line

Atom package is not available in the default Ubuntu 22.04 repositories. So, first configure its official repository.

Open the terminal and run the following apt command to install atom dependencies,

$ sudo apt install curl libcanberra-gtk-module dirmngr ca-certificates software-properties-common gnupg gnupg2 apt-transport-https -y

Run following commands to configure Atom repository

$ curl -fsSL https://packagecloud.io/AtomEditor/atom/gpgkey | gpg --dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/atom.gpg > /dev/null
$ echo "deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/atom.gpg] https://packagecloud.io/AtomEditor/atom/any/ any main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/atom.list

Now, run beneath apt commands to install atom text editor

$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install -y atom

Alternate Way to Install Atom on Ubuntu and Linux Mint

We can also easily install atom text editor using snap utility, steps are shown below:

$ sudo apt install snapd
$ sudo snap install atom --classic

Installing Atom Text Editor From GUI

Login to Desktop environment and start Ubuntu software center,

click on ‘snappyatom‘ icon and then click on ‘Install‘

It will prompt you to enter your user credentials,

After entering the credentials installation will start,

Once the installation is completed, access Atom Text Editor.

Search ‘atom‘ from Activity as shown below,

click on ‘Atom’ icon

Uninstall Atom Text Editor

To uninstall atom text editor from the command line, run

$ sudo apt autoremove atom -y

To uninstall atom text editor from GUI, search snappyatom in ‘Ubuntu Software’ Center and click on ‘Delete’ icon

That’s all from this guide, I hope you have successfully installed Atom Text Editor on your Ubuntu 22.04 LTS system. kindly do post your queries and feedback in below comments section.

Read Also : Top 10 Text Editors For Ubuntu Desktop

In this guide, we will cover, how to create a VM (Virtual Machine) using VMware workstation on Ubuntu 22.04 step-by-step.

In our previous guide, we have already cover How To Install VMware Workstation On Ubuntu 22.04 | 20.04. So, let’s get started,

1) Start VMware Workstation

From the Activity, search vmware workstation, Click on it’s icon as shown below

We will get beneath workstation GUI,

Click on “Create a New virtual Machine” option

2) Select Virtual Machine Configuration

Choose the first option ‘Typical (recommended‘

Click on Next…

3) Specify the installation media

Installation media can be physical device like CD / DVD or ISO file. In my case, I am using an ISO file of Linuxmint-21

Click on Next to proceed further,

4) Choose Guest Operating System and its Version

5) Specify VM Name and location for VM Files

By default vmware workstation create operating system image in user’s home directory under vmware folder. You can change this location if required,

Click on Next

6) Disk Space for the Virtual Machine

In this step, enter the disk space that you want allocate for the VM.

Click Next to proceed further,

7) Define VM Resources like CPU and Memory

On this we can modify the VM resources like CPU, Memory and networking.

Click on Customize Hardware.

Specify the CPU and Memory for the virtual machine as per your requirement.

To define the network for the VM (Virtual Machine) click on Network Adapter option, choose either Nat or Bridge (directly connected to physical NIC). In this guide, we are going with bridge network

Click On Close and then Click on Finish

8) Start the OS Installation

On this step, OS installation will start as shown below,

Follow the screen instruction and complete the OS installation.

9) Manage Virtual Machine

To power off, start and restart a virtual machine, right click on the VM and choose the option as shown below,

To remove or delete a VM , first make sure it is power off and then choose ‘Remove‘ option as shown below,

To remove the VM from disk as well, choose ‘Delete from disk’ option.

That’s all from this guide. I hope you have found this guide informative and useful. Kindly do post your queries and feedback in below comments section.