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How the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 turned a forensic technique into a statutory requirement. Includes a practical guide to checking hashes with GtkHash.IntroductionA pen drive or a CCTV clip reaches the courtroom as a bare file. It looks the same whether it is genuine or edited. The law therefore needs a way to show that the file produced in court is the same file that w...

1. Why these four toolsA lawyer drafting a public-awareness note, a student reading a judgment and a citizen who receives an unexpected payment link each need a different tool. Wispr Flow turns speech into text. Have I Been Pwned (HIBP) checks whether an email address appears in known breaches. MobiArmour scans links and QR codes for scam risk. PDF Expert is an annotation and...

A judge can use PDF annotation in three connected ways: highlight the relevant passage, attach a working note explaining its significance, and save a route back to the document or precedent. India’s Digital Courts 2.1 web manual expressly documents highlighting, sticky notes, a document Note Pad, saved annotations, note-summary exports and the ability to star important judgment...

There can be no gainsaying that allegations of large-scale financial impropriety and institutional collusion in the execution of a public welfare project such as the "Jal Jeevan Mission" are grave and warrant serious scrutiny. We think, the State is justified in opposing the grant of bail to persons Accused of involvement in such extensive criminal activity. Nevertheless, the gr...

We find that, the learned Magistrate of the 64th Court was also responsible for the Petitioner’s wrongful detention. No reasons have been recorded for justifying continuation of remand of the Petitioner. We find that the Ld. Magistrate has failed to independently apply his mind and adopted a very casual approach, thereby causing grave prejudice to the Petitioner on account of co...