Jacob (Jake) Teeny is an Associate Professor of Marketing at the Kellogg School of Management and one of the leading researchers...

Well before he was leading the Rebellion and clashing lightsabers with Darth Vader, Luke Skywalker was a mere apprentice, training in the swamps of Dagobah while carrying his master Yoda on his back.

The experience of apprentices and trainees in the real world is not that different from Luke’s. Take, for example, the junior lawyer drowning ...

“Nobody wants to work anymore.” Or at least that’s what many employers have been claiming, especially those who have trouble hiring workers.

The National Federation of Independent Business, for example, found in its

Sometimes, a near miss can feel almost as bad as an actual disaster.

A soccer team may give up a last-minute goal that gets overturned on review. The stock market could approach the point of crashing. Or tensions between two countries may reach the brink of violence, before being negotiated back at the eleventh hour.

In each of these...

There are times when we can be sticklers for punishment, demanding retribution for even the smallest mistake.

But what drives us to behave this way?

That’s the question that Kellogg’s Maryam Kouchaki<...