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Title: CMP Bio World – CMP Bio World: Your Online Biology Book

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Phloem Loading and Long-Distance Transport in Plants

Leaves make sugars. Distant organs consume them. Phloem connects those sites. Loading starts the trip. Long-distance flow then carries the sap through living sieve tubes.

Photosynthesis produces sucrose in mesophyll cells. That sugar must enter the phloem. Two broad loading strategies exist. Ap...


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Pink Bollworm Biology and Its Attack on the Cotton Boll

Pink bollworm is a major pest of cotton. Its scientific name is Pectinophora gossypiella. The larva lives inside the boll. Therefore, damage stays hidden for a long time.

The insect completes four stages. Adults are small moths. Females lay eggs on squares, flowers, and young bolls....


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Photorespiration and Its Cost to Crop Yield

Photorespiration is a side reaction of photosynthesis. Rubisco is the enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide. It can also bind oxygen. When oxygen wins, the plant starts a wasteful cycle. That cycle is photorespiration. It consumes energy. It releases previously fixed carbon as carbon dioxide. Crop yield then falls.

Rubisco e...


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Lake Stratification and Oxygen Dynamics

Lakes often form distinct layers in warm seasons. Sunlight heats the surface. Wind mixes only the upper water. Colder, denser water then stays below. This layering is thermal stratification.

The top layer is the epilimnion. It is warm and usually well mixed. The middle layer is the thermocline, or metalimni...


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Mycorrhizal Associations Improve Phosphorus Uptake in Plants

Mycorrhizal fungi form close partnerships with plant roots. Most land plants host these fungi. In return, the association often raises phosphorus uptake.

Phosphorus is essential for energy transfer, membranes, and growth. However, soils frequently lock phosphorus in insoluble forms. Roo...


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