The federal government has unveiled a sweeping overhaul of the nation’s dietary advice, signaling a sharp departure from decades of nutrition policy. Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. announced new dietary guidelines last week that emphasize whole foods, protein, and healthy fats — while calling for a significant pullback from highly processed foods.

At a press conference, the administration introduced a newly redesigned food pyramid, one that looks nothing like its predecessors. In the new visual, red meat, cheese, vegetables, and fruits appear at the top, symbolizing foods Americans are encouraged to prioritize.

Kennedy framed the update as a historic turning point. He described the guidelines as the most significant reset of U.S. nutrition policy to date, arguing that past recommendations steered Americans toward foods that ultimately harmed public health.

“Protein and healthy fats are essential and were wrongly discouraged in prior dietary guidelines,” Kennedy said. “We are ending the war on saturated fats.”

Turning the pyramid upside down

The original food pyramid, introduced in the early 1990s, placed grains at its wide base, encouraging heavy consumption, while fats and oils sat at the narrow top. That model was retired in 2011, replaced by the “MyPlate” graphic championed by then–First Lady Michelle Obama. Now, the pyramid is back — but flipped on its head.

In an introduction to the new guidelines, Kennedy and Agriculture Secretary Brooke Rollins wrote,

We are reclaiming the food pyramid and returning it to its true purpose of educating and nourishing all Americans.

They also highlighted the health crisis driving the change, noting that more than 70% of American adults are overweight or obese. According to Kennedy and Rollins, the problem stems from a diet that has “become reliant on highly processed foods and coupled with a sedentary lifestyle.”

The guidelines call for a “dramatic reduction” in foods described as “highly processed foods laden with refined carbohydrates, added sugars, excess sodium, unhealthy fats, and chemical additives.” At the same time, they encourage diets that include meat and dairy and set limits on added sugar.

Pushback from nutrition experts

Not everyone is on board with the new approach. Some nutrition scientists argue that elevating red meat and saturated fat contradicts decades of research.

Christopher Gardner, a nutrition expert at Stanford University and a former member of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, stated:

I’m very disappointed in the new pyramid that features red meat and saturated fat sources at the very top, as if that’s something to prioritize. It does go against decades and decades of evidence and research.

Gardner favors shifting protein intake toward plant-based sources like beans rather than emphasizing animal protein.

Both the American Heart Association and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics also point to evidence linking excess saturated fat to heart disease.

According to NBC News, the American Heart Association said in a statement that it “commends” including several important science-based recommendations in the new guidance, including eating more fruits, vegetables and whole grains, while cutting back on added sugars and processed foods.

However, it continued,

We are concerned that recommendations regarding salt seasoning and red meat consumption could inadvertently lead consumers to exceed recommended limits for sodium and saturated fats, which are primary drivers of cardiovascular disease.

The American Medical Association (AMA) applauded the new guidance for spotlighting ultra-processed foods, added sugars and sodium, which it says fuel chronic diseases, including heart disease, diabetes and obesity.

Dr. Bobby Mukkamala, president of the AMA, said in a statement,

The Guidelines affirm that food is medicine and offer clear direction patients and physicians can use to improve health.

Marion Nestle, professor emerita of nutrition, food studies and public health at New York University, said that the advice to limit highly processed foods is a major improvement but that “everything else is weaker or has no scientific justification.” The new guidelines still retain a long-standing recommendation to limit saturated fat to 10% of daily calories. NBC News quoted Nestle’s email that states that the focus on protein…

[…] makes no sense (Americans eat plenty) other than as an excuse to advise more meat and dairy, full fat, which will make it impossible to keep saturated fat to 10% of calories or less.

Dairy takes center stage

One of the most notable changes is the elevation of cheese and other dairy products to the top of the pyramid. This shift opens the door for full-fat milk and dairy products to be offered in school meals, an idea once considered controversial.

Dariush Mozaffarian, a cardiologist, public health scientist, and director of the Food is Medicine Institute at Tufts University, said:

There’s growing evidence, based on nutrition science, that dairy foods can be beneficial… It’s pretty clear that overall milk and cheese and yogurt can be part of a healthy diet… Both low-fat and whole-fat dairy versions of milk, cheese and yogurt have been linked to lower cardiovascular risk… What’s quite interesting is that the fat content doesn’t seem to make a big difference.

Whole grains still matter, but not the refined ones

Although whole grains appear at the smallest point at the bottom of the new pyramid, the guidelines still instruct Americans to “prioritize fiber-rich whole grains.” The key difference is a sharper line drawn between whole grains and refined grains. The recommendations call for two to four servings per day of whole grains while significantly reducing refined carbohydrates such as white bread and many packaged or ready-to-eat foods.

Mozaffarian supports this part of the guidance, especially the focus on food processing. He said,

Highly processed foods are clearly harmful for a range of diseases, so to have the U.S. government recommend that a wide class of foods be eaten less because of their processing is a big deal and I think a very positive move for public health.

While the guidelines avoid the term “ultra-processed,” they repeatedly emphasize eating “real food that nourishes the body.” They also recommend no added sugar at all for children under the age of 10.

New guidance on alcohol

The updated guidelines also revise long-standing alcohol recommendations. Instead of specifying daily limits (previously up to one drink per day for women and two for men) the guidance now simply states: “Consume less alcohol for better health.”

The guidelines also clearly identify groups who should avoid alcohol entirely, including pregnant women, people recovering from alcohol use disorder, those who cannot control how much they drink, and individuals taking medications or managing medical conditions that interact with alcohol.

Although many Americans may never read the dietary guidelines themselves, their impact is far-reaching. These recommendations shape what’s served in school cafeterias, on military bases, and through federal nutrition programs for mothers and infants by setting standards for calories and nutrients.

As debate continues among scientists and health organizations, one thing is clear: The new dietary guidelines mark a bold and controversial shift in how the federal government defines healthy eating in America.

Your responses and feedback are welcome!

Source: “RFK Jr.’s new dietary guidelines go all in on meat and dairy,” NPR, 1/8/26
Source: “RFK Jr. rolls out new dietary guidelines backing more protein and full-fat dairy,” NBC News, 1/7/26
Image courtesy of USDA, used under Fair Use: Commentary

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