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Chicago Psychoanalytic Institute

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People researching depth-oriented treatment run into two terms almost immediately, often used as though they were interchangeable and sometimes as though they were opposites. Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy share a single intellectual foundation, and the differences between them are real but narrower than most descriptions suggest.

At the Chicago Psyc...


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Donald Winnicott spent forty years as a pediatrician before and alongside his work as a psychoanalyst, and the phrase he is most remembered for came from watching mothers with babies rather than from theory. He observed that what an infant needs first is not stimulation or instruction but to be held, and that holding is as much psychological as physical. He called the conditi...


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Wilfred Bion asked a question that Freud had largely assumed away: where does the capacity to think about feelings come from? Not to have feelings, which requires nothing, but to hold an emotional state in mind, examine it, and use it. Bion concluded that this capacity is not innate. It is given to us by another mind, and he described the process with a pair of terms: contain...


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Melanie Klein gave one of her most important concepts an unfortunate name. The depressive position sounds like a description of illness, and it is very nearly the opposite: it names a developmental achievement, the point at which a person becomes able to love someone they also resent, and to feel sorrow about the damage they have done rather than defending against it.

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Late in his career, Sigmund Freud proposed one of his most sweeping and controversial ideas: that human life is animated by two great forces pulling in opposite directions. He called them Eros and Thanatos, the life drive and the death drive. More than a hundred years later, this pairing still offers a strikingly deep way to understand love, aggression, creativity, and the pu...


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