Unsigned software triggers security warnings because operating systems have no way to verify who built the file or whether it has been tampered with. Windows and macOS run a trust check on every executable before it is executed, and without a valid signature, that check fails by default. But signing alone does not eliminate every warning. Software reputation plays a role too, an...

For years, people learned to associate HTTPS with a “secure site.” When a browser connects using SSL/TLS, the traffic between the user and the server is encrypted, which prevents outsiders from reading or modifying the data in transit. SSL stripping attacks exploit a weak moment in that process. An attacker positioned on the network intercepts the initial request and prevents th...

Email providers no longer trust a domain just because it appears in the “From” address. Authentication has to back it up and that’s where DMARC comes in. Any domain planning to deploy a Verified Mark Certificate must first run DMARC with an enforcement policy. Mail providers rely on that policy to verify the sender before showing a brand logo in the inbox. This guide walks throu...

Hardware Security Modules (HSM) and Trusted Platform Modules (TPM) are hardware-based security components built to protect cryptographic keys and operations. Both generate and protect cryptographic keys, but they operate in very different ways. They solve different problems and are not interchangeable. HSMs protect sensitive data in regulated industries without becoming a perfor...